Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

01 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Yang'anani mwamsanga:

1. Kodi amatchedwa chiyani? Kuba (kutchulidwa Koo-BAH) nsalu

2. Zachokera kuti? Ufumu wa Cuba ku South Central Africa. Panopa ndi Democratic Republic of Congo.

3. Ndani ali nacho icho? D. Bryant Archie, Room & Board, Trunk Loaded, AphroChic

02 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Nsalu ya nsalu ndi imodzi mwa mapangidwe a anthu akale kwambiri. Padziko lonse lapansi, njira zovekedwa, kuvala ndi kukongoletsa zinawonekera ndikusintha kufikira nsalu yongokhala yodziwika bwino kwambiri komanso yotsimikizika ya kulengedwa kwaumunthu. Monga zozizwitsa zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kulingalira kuti zinayambira pa zovuta zofunikira, kaya zikhale zotentha kapena kuteteza motsutsana ndi zinthu. Ndipo titha kukhala otsimikiza kuti zosowa zawo zimagwirizanitsidwa mwamsanga ndi kufunika kokongoletsera nsalu kufotokoza zinthu monga chipembedzo, chikhalidwe cha banja ndi chuma. Izi zikachitika, kuluka kunasiya kukhala njira yogwiritsira ntchito komanso kukhala njira yolankhulirana ndi luso. Anthu a ku Central Africa akhala akupanga lusoli, ndipo nsalu zomwe adazikonza ndizozikonda kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kulengeza dziko lonse ku mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Cuba.

03 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

M'dera la Central Africa lomwe tsopano ndi Democratic Republic of Congo, mitsinje ya Kasai, Lulua, ndi Sankuru imayandikana kwambiri ndi nkhalango (1). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazi, malowa, omwe anali kale kunyumba kwa BaTwa, Lele ndi Njembe, pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya anthu, adawona Bushongo ("anthu omwe akuponya mipeni"), motsogoleredwa ndi Shyaam a-Mbul Ngoong-Shyaam (ibid). Malinga ndi miyambo yamalomo, Shyaam anali mwana wobadwa naye wa mfumukazi ya kuderalo yomwe idapita ku mayiko ena ku dziko la Pende ndi Kongo. Atabwereranso kuchokera paulendo wake, Shyaam adagonjetsa wolamulira wina wa kuderalo ndipo adagwirizanitsa derali pansi pa utsogoleri wake (ibid.).

04 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Ufumu wa Cuba umene Shyaam wamanga umakhala ndi mafuko khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu osiyana a Bantu kuphatikizapo Ngeende, Kel, Pyaang, Bulaang, Bieeng, Ilebo, Idiing, Kaam, Ngoombe Kayuweeng, Shoowa, Bokila, Maluk, ndi Ngongo. 2). Dziko latsopano linapatsidwa dzina lakuti "Kuba," kutanthauza kuti "anthu a mphezi" ndi Luba, dziko loyandikana nalo (3). Shyaam adayambitsa mitundu yatsopano ya boma, pomwe mfumu yosankhidwa ya Bushongo inayang'anira nyumba yamalamulo yomwe ili ndi nthumwi za boma ku Cuba. Maina olemekezeka aumulungu mpaka kufika pampando wa mfumu adasiya kukhala ndi cholowa ndipo adapatsidwa mphoto (4). Kupikisana kwakukulu kwa malo amenewa kunali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi Kuba weaving arts.

05 ya 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Ndi madera ambiri omwe adagwirizanitsidwa pansi pa Bushongo, ufumu wa Cuba unayamba kukula mwamsanga. Olemba chuma anawathandiza mafashoni ndi zamatsenga zomwe zinawonjezera chikhalidwe chawo ndipo zinawonjezera mwayi wawo wotchulidwa ku malo apamwamba. Zotsatira zake, khama la akatswiri a ku Cuba linakhala lopambana komanso zosiyanasiyana monga masks, ndop statues (osasokonezeka ndi nsalu ya South African Bamileke) ndi nsalu. Pakati pa akatswiri a zamakono, "Kujambula kwa Cuba" kukufanizidwa ndi Pharonic Egypt, Augustan Rome ndi Imperial Japan. (5) "Ngakhale kuti anthu odziwa ntchito za Cuba akhala akudziŵa za mitundu yonse ya Cuba chifukwa cha zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga, analandira chidwi chochuluka monga mankhwala awo okongola.

06 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Pakati pa Cuba, masewera monga kujambula cholinga cha kupanga chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana omwe amapanga ufumuwo. Fuko lirilonse la Cuba lili ndi kalembedwe kake, zomwe zimapangitsa zodabwitsa zawo zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kalembedwe kalikonse kamagwirizana pokhapokha mu chigawo chachikulu chomwe chimatanthauzira chikhalidwe cha ufumu wonse.

07 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Mafuta onse a Cuba amachokera ku frant ya Raffia Vinifera Palm (6). Chifukwa chake, nsalu ya Kuba imatchedwa nsalu ya Raffia, ngakhale kuti Cuba idapangidwira kuti mbeu isanayambe kulowera mwambo (7). Asanapangidwe, utsiwu umasonkhanitsidwa ndi kuchotsedwa ndi dzanja kapena ndi chisa (8). Zomwezo zimakhala zovekedwa ndi nsalu pazitsulo imodzi yokha yomwe ili yosiyana ndi Cuba, kuyika nkhope ya kumapeto kwa chiwombankhanga pamakina makumi anayi ndi asanu. Panthawi imeneyi nsalu nthawi zina amawombedwa kapena kupatsidwa mankhwala kuti azichepetsera nsalu asanayambe kusuntha. Kumeneko zikhalidwe zina zimapereka ntchito yopewera akazi, pakati pa Cuba, ntchito ya nsalu zamagazi imagawanika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Amuna ali ndi ntchito yovekedwa ndi kuvala nsalu zapakati pomwe akazi ali ndi udindo wololera ndi kulumikiza zidutswa kuti apange mankhwala opangidwa.

08 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Pali njira zinayi zazikulu zowonjezeretsa nsalu ya Cuba: zokongoletsera, kugwiritsa ntchito, patchwork ndi dyeing. Kujambula kwa Cuba kungapangidwe mogawidwa mu mulu wodulidwa, wosadziwika ndi wotsegulira ntchito (9). Dulani mitsulo yamitundu, yomwe imatchedwa "Kuba Velours" imakhala ndi maonekedwe a velvet pamene mitundu yosiyana imakhala yofanana ndi yomwe ikugwira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe apansi. "Pazovala zojambulazo, mawonekedwe amachokera pochotsa nsalu kapena nsalu za nsalu pamunsi, kenako amamangirira ndi kupyolera mumatayawa kuti apindule ndi kupewa kutsegula (ibid)."

09 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira zogwirira ntchito ndizojambula pagulu. Choyamba chimafunika kuyikapo zidutswa zina za nsalu ku nsalu yotchinga kuti apange zotsatira zake. Chotsatiracho chimaphatikizapo kudula nsalu zachitsulo kuti muyambe kukonza mapepalawo pozembera kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo kwa nsalu ndi nsalu ngati mawonekedwe omwe akusowapo (10). N'zotheka kuti njira yopangira patching inayamba chifukwa cha kudulidwa kwa nsalu yomwe inang'ambika kawirikawiri, yomwe imafuna kukonzanso nthawi zonse. Monga tanthawuzo linagwirizanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe a kukonzedwa kwapadera, ndondomeko ya patching inakhala luso lokha (11). Pamapeto pake, nsalu za Cuba zimakhala zovekedwa, mwina pogwiritsa ntchito nsalu zofiira ndi zodetsedwa kapena ndodo zokhala ndi ndodo zomwe zaikidwa pamunsi (12).

10 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Cuba zimasonyeza zikhulupiliro zachipembedzo za anthu a Kuba. The Kuba amakhulupirira okha kuti ndi ana a chilengedwe kukhala Woot, yekha mwana wa Bumba Sky-Father ndi Earth-Mayi. Woot anali ndi ntchito yophunzitsa chikhalidwe kwa anthu, ntchito yomwe sinkagwira ntchito yokha, koma ngati njira yothandiza kumvetsetsa moyo (13).

11 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Mphatso ya Padziko Lapansi-Amayi ku Cuba, kuvala sikunali kokha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe koma chiwonetsero cha kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Mapulogalamu ena a magawo awiri monga "L" ndi "V" amapezeka mwachilengedwe, monga momwe gawo lachitatu la "Y." limakhalira. Kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe zachibadwa komanso zosakhala zachilengedwe monga maziko a kuluka zimasonyeza njira zomwe chikhalidwe chimaphatikizapo ndikulekanitsa umunthu ndi chilengedwe (14)

12 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Mitundu ina ya Cuba yopangira ndi kulenga imakhala yosasinthasintha komanso mawonekedwe aulere pamene ena ndi achizolowezi. Zolinga za Bushongo mwachitsanzo ndizoyunifolomu yeniyeni, khalidwe lomwe limawasiyanitsa ndi mapangidwe a magulu ena a Cuba ndipo amasonyeza mphamvu ya mfumu (15). Zojambula zomwe zakhala zikudziwika ku mitundu yosiyana ya Cuba zimatchulidwa ndi kuperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo. Pakali pano pali mazana awiri omwewo. Mayina alemekezedwe omwe amapanga chitsanzocho, afotokoze malo opindulitsa kapena chinthu, kapena fotokozerani zochita (ibid).

13 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Pomwe zidutswa za nsalu - zomwe zimayendera pafupifupi mapazi awiri ndi mapazi awiri - zatha, zimagwirira pamodzi kuti zitheke. Kuguluzana kwa mapepala sikuyenera kukhala yunifolomu. Magulu opanga mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana amatha kumangika pamodzi kuti apindule monga momwe ziwalo zimagwirizanirana kapena kusintha kwathunthu. Pazovala zazikulu zomwe nsalu za Kuba zimakhala zokopa, gawo ili la ndondomeko likuyang'aniridwa ndi gulu la amai ogwira ntchito mtsogoleri mmodzi (16). Mtsogoleriyo ali ndi udindo wosankha mapepala ndi mapepala a mtundu komanso kuyang'anitsitsa gulu lililonse potsirizidwa. Pomalizira pake, adzalumikizana ndi zidutswa zake kuti apange chovalacho.

14 pa 14

Chojambula Chojambula: Chotsatira Chokongola Kuba Chovala Chovala cha Central Africa

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri atalengedwa, zovala za ufumu wa Cuba zidadziwika kwa onse koma Cuba okha. Chifukwa cha malo awo apakati ndi mphamvu za dziko lawo Cuba anali atatha kuchotsa zochitika zazikulu za anthu a ku Ulaya pafupi mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi awiri. Mu 1885, msonkhano wa Berlin unati dziko la Cuba linafooka chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi mayiko ena a ku Africa kuti akhale mbali ya Kasai. Linaperekedwa ndi komiti kwa Mfumu Leopold II wa ku Belgium monga mbali ya zomwe zidzatchedwa Belgian Congo. Lero, ngakhale zonse zomwe zatsatira, dziko la Cuba likukhalabe ndi anthu ake ndipo miyambo yake yakhazikika. Padziko lonse, Kuba ndi nsalu za Cuba zakhala zikudziwika kwambiri. Mbali zenizeni zikubwezeretsedwanso, nthawi zambiri ngati zitsulo zamkati kapena zinyumba zogwiritsira ntchito zinyumba pamene nsalu zolimba zamasewera a kalembedwe ka Cuba amapezeka kunja. Mulimonsemo, Cuba nsalu ndi umboni wosangalatsa wa kukongola ndi kupirira kwa chikhalidwe chodabwitsa ichi ndi njira yabwino yowonjezeramo kukoma kwa dziko lonse ku chipinda chomwe mumakonda.