Chojambula Chojambula: Kufufuza Mbiri Yake ndi Zithunzi za Juju Hats Kameruni

01 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Kodi amatchedwa chiyani? Juju (anatchula Joo-Joo) kapena Tyn (wotchulidwa tinini)

Zachokera kuti? Anthu a Bamileke a Cameroon

Ndani ali nacho icho? Aviva Home, Kronbali

02 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Ngati pali chipinda chimodzi chokongoletsera kunyumba chomwe chimatchulidwa m'zaka zaposachedwa chikufanana ndi kalembedwe ka dziko lonse lapansi, ndi Juju chipewa cha Cameroon. Ngakhale kuti mapulaneti ake anali ophulika komanso owala kwambiri, poyamba ankatanthauza kuti azikongoletsa anthu, osati zipinda, posachedwapa zikuoneka kuti palibe malo omwe amatha popanda limodzi la zidutswa zokongola za nthengazo pakhoma. Komabe, pamene Juju zipewa zimapezeka pamakoma ambiri a masiku ano, kwa anthu a Bamileke a ku Western Cameroon nthawi zambiri anali chinthu chosowa chosungira anthu ochepa okha.

03 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Kuphunzira kulikonse kwa miyambo ya ku Africa kudzakhala vuto la mayina. Kawirikawiri mayina omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polongosola zikhalidwe za ku Africa amachokera kunja kwa gululo, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira, monga misa limodzi, magulu angapo a anthu amene amaganiza kuti ali osiyana (onani zolemba za Geek Geek za Berber ndi Cuba zochitika zachikhalidwe). Chotsatira chake, mayina omwe amawoneka ngati ofunika sangakhale opanda tanthauzo kwa anthu omwe akufuna kulongosola, ndipo si maina omwe anthu amawagwiritsa ntchito kuti adziwone okha. Izi ndizochitika ndi dzina lakuti "Bamileke". Mawuwa akuphatikizidwa kuti aphatikize paliponse kuchokera m'magulumagulu makumi asanu ndi anayi mpaka zana limodzi omwe amalingaliridwa mogwirizana, makamaka malinga ndi zilankhulo zawo zomwe ziri zogwirizana koma osati zofanana (1). Gulu la chinenero cha Bamileke limapangidwa ndi zinenero khumi ndi chimodzi zosiyana, zomwe zimachokera kumalo osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana (2). Zinenero za Bamileke, zomwe zili ndi Ghomala, Fefe ', Kwa', Medumba, Mengaka, Nda'nda ', Ngiemboon, Ngomba, Ngombale, Ngwe, Yemba ndi zilankhulo zawo (3) zikufalitsidwa pa anthu 2.1 miliyoni (4) mpaka 3 miliyoni (5) kwa anthu 8 miliyoni (6), malingana ndi gwero lanu

04 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Nkhani ya kutchula dzina siimatha ndi anthu komabe. Ngakhale zidutswa za chikhalidwe zomwe zimayenda padziko lapansi zingakhale zikuchitidwa motero. Sitiyenera kudabwa kuti "Juju" si mawu omwe poyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera chipewa chofala chotchedwa Kameruni, komanso sichiyambika ngati mawu m'chinenero chilichonse cha Bamileke. Mfundo ziwiri zokhudzana ndi mawu akuti "Juju" amachokera ku mawu akuti "djudju", omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Hausa kumpoto kwa Nigeria kutanthauza mzimu woipa (7) kapena "joujou" wa ku French, kutanthauza tinthu kapena toyirako (8). Kwa zaka zambiri mawuwa akhala otchuka komanso oyendayenda bwino, akugwiritsidwa ntchito kufotokoza chirichonse kuchokera ku ndudu za cigupe (ibid.) Ku mtundu wotchuka wa nyimbo za Nigeria (9). Kuyambira nthawi yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 17, Juju anakhala mawu otchuka pakati pa anthu a ku Ulaya chifukwa chokamba za zipembedzo za West Africa ndi ochiritsa awo omwe amatchedwa Juju amuna. N'kutheka kuti munthu amene akuyang'anitsitsa adagwiritsa ntchito zipewa za ochiritsa oterowo ndikugwiritsa ntchito dzina limene tsopano timadziwa zipewa zamphongo zimene Bamileke amachitcha kuti "Zomwe" (10).

05 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Ngakhale zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana ndi chiwerengero cha midzi yapadera pali zambiri zofanana pakati pa magulu a Bamileke. Chimodzi mwa izi ndi bungwe la ndale. Ulemu uliwonse wa Bamileke umatsogoleredwa ndi mfumu kapena mfumu yotchedwa "Fon" (11). Mfumu ikupezeka ndi komiti ya amuna asanu ndi atatu omwe amadziwika kuti Mkem kapena "msonkhano wa olowa ufulu" (12). Mwamuna aliyense wa bungwe lino amadziwika kuti wabweretsa chuma ndi kusiyana pakati pa dziko lake ndipo aliyense amachita monga mutu wa gulu linalake lomwe liri ndi ntchito zina mu ufumu. Udindo woterewu ukhoza kukhala wankhondo, wachuma, walamulo kapena ayi. Zaka ziwiri zilizonse Mkate umakhala ndi misonkhano yapadera yomwe chuma cha mfumu chikuwonetsedwa. Pa zikondwererozi, mamembala a Mkem ndi omvera awo amapereka masks zoyenera kwa anthu awo. Olemekezeka kwambiri, njovu ndi nyamakazi, amasungidwa kwa mfumu komanso kwa anthu a ku Kuosi ndi a Kemdje, onse a nkhondo. Zili ndi masks awa omwe amawoneka ngati "Juju zipewa" ngakhale kuti nthawi zina amakhalanso okha (13).

06 cha 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Mofanana ndi zambiri za Bamileke, zipewa zofanana ndizo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa zikondwerero zachifumu kapena miyambo (14). Kuphatikizana ndi kusonkhana kwapadera kwa Mkem, zochitika zoterezi zikhoza kuchitika pa imfa ya mfumu kapena munthu wolemera wa mmodzi mwa anthu asanu ndi atatu (omwe onse ali olemera). Chipewa chomwecho chimamangidwa kuchokera ku raffia chomwe chimapangidwira kuti apange dongosolo lothandizira. Pambuyo pake, nthenga zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera ku nkhuku, mbalame kapena mbalame zina zakutchire zimajambulidwa ndipo zimakhala pansi. Chikopa cha chikopa chakumbuyo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka chipewa chotseguka. Kukula kwa zipewa kumasiyanasiyana, makamaka pakati pa omwe amapangidwa kuti azigulitsa kunja ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zokongoletsera kunyumba. Komabe kukula kwa chipewa cha chikhalidwe kungakhale pafupi masentimita 31.5 kapena 80 cm (15). Ngati sichigwiritsidwe ntchito, chipewacho chimakhala chodula kwambiri chomwe sichimathandiza kokha kusungirako koma chimatetezeranso nthenga mkati mwa chigoba chachikulu cha raffia (ibid.).

07 a 07

Zojambulajambula: Juju Zipewa

Bamileke wa ku Cameroun ndi anthu ogwirizana komanso ogawidwa, ofanana komanso osiyana. Mofanana ndi miyambo yambiri ya ku Africa, iwo adapulumuka pamene dziko lawo la Germany linadulidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 kuti awononge kuti dziko la France ndi la Britain lakumapeto kwa zaka 20 (16). Ngakhale kuti zaka zambiri akhala akulimbana ndi ulamuliro wa French ndi Britain wakhala akudziwika pa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo, miyambo yambiri ya Bamileke imakhalabe yochenjera, yoperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita kudziko monga chitsimikiziro cha chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yonyada. Kuphatikizidwa kwa mphamvu, kukongola, chuma ndi zolemba zapamwamba zomwe zimatanthauzira miyambo yachifumu ya Bamileke zimakhala ndi korona zapamwamba zowakometsera zomwe masiku ano zimakongoletsera zipinda padziko lonse - kupereka munthu aliyense wotchuka omwe kale anali chigawo cha nkhondo ndi mafumu .