Ulmus Americana Asanayambe Kuukira
Bruce Carley, m'nkhani yake yopulumutsa American elm mitengo kuchokera ku Dutch elm matenda, amajambula zithunzi za Main Street USA kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Imeneyi inali msewu wofanana ndi zimphona zazikuluzikulu, zomwe zinasokoneza matawi awo akulira Rapunzel-monga mitu ya anthu odutsa, zomwe zimachititsa mthunzi kutentha kwa chilimwe. Panalibe mtengo wina wofanana nawo:
"Miyendo yopangira miyendo ya mitengo yokongola kwambiri yomwe imayendetsa m'misewu imakwera ku denga lalikulu kwambiri ndi kukongola kokongola, kukongola ... kufalikira kumtunda pamtunda nthawi zambiri kwambiri kuposa mamita 100 ...." [Bruce Carley]
Matenda a Dutch elm ( Ceratocystis ulmi ) anasintha zonsezi. Matenda a Dutch elm ndi bowa wambiri womwe umamera mumapiri. The bowa anakumana koyamba mu 1921 ku Netherlands. Kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira, maulendo opitirira pakati ndi kum'mwera kwa Ulaya anapezeka akugonjetsedwa ndi bowa.
Mbiri ya Matenda a Elm Dutch: The Demise of America Elm Mitengo
American elm trees ( Ulmus americana ) ndi omwe amatha kutengera matenda onse a Dutch elm. Mitengo ya American elm imadziwikanso ndi madzi a zitha, zofewa zofewa, zofiira zoyera, kapena zitsime za Florida. Mitengo ya ku America imapezeka m'madera onse a Kum'maŵa ndi Kumpoto kwa America. Amayenda kutali mpaka kumpoto kwa Texas ndi Florida.
Cleveland, Ohio anapeza mlandu woyamba wa matenda a Dutch elm ku United States m'chaka cha 1930. Zikuoneka kuti wakupha munthu ameneyu sanafike ku France. Matenda a Dutch elm amafalitsa East mwamsanga; mkati mwa zaka ziwiri, mitengo ya American elm ku New Jersey inali kugwidwa ndi bowa lakupha.
Phil McCombs analemba m'nyuzipepala ya Washington Post ya 2001 yomwe imayamba ndi mawu ochititsa chidwi kwambiri osonyeza mmene mitengo ya almeric ya America inakhalira m'misewu ya tawuni ina:
"Nthaŵi ina ku America, makedora akuluakulu otsika kwambiri a masamba ozungulira omwe anali ndi mapepala olemera kwambiri ankayenda mumisewu ya midzi ndi mizinda kuchokera ku Atlantic kupita ku ma Rockies, n'kupanga mthunzi wozama kwambiri pamtendere wa moyo."
Chifukwa chake matenda a Dutch Elm amachititsa American Elm Mitengo Yovuta Kwambiri
Pomwe mtendere wonsewo unayambika, chizoloŵezi cha chikhalidwe chimenechi chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa za kugwa kwa American elm mitengo. Bowa loopsa, limatuluka, limatha kufalikira pansi kuchokera ku mizu ya munthu amene amachokera ku mizu yapafupi. Izi ndizochitika pamene mizu ya pafupi ndi mitengo ya American elm "inamezanitsidwa" pamodzi, makamaka kugwirizanitsa miyoyo ya zomwe zinali zigawo ziwiri zosiyana.
Kuwonongeka kwa wina kunakhala kuwonongeka kwa wina. Momwemo ndi mtundu wake womwe unayambira mzere unatanthawuza kuti phula la kachilomboka lidatha kuchoka ku mtengo umodzi wa American elm kupita ku wina muchitetezo chachingwe chomwe chikanathetsa mzere wonse pamsewu.
Kubzala kwa American elm trees en masse sikunali kokha, komabe. Nkhono zazikulu za bowa zimatulutsidwa kuchokera kwa odwala omwe amakhala ndi zitsanzo zabwino ndi mitundu iwiri ya kachilomboka komwe kamakhala pansi pa khungwa. Mmodzi ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono ka ku Europe ( Scolytus multistriatus ), chilolezo chomwe chinayambitsa matenda a Dutch elm. Chilombo china ndi kachilomboka kamene kamakhala ndi chigwa, Hyfurgopinus rufipes . Zithunzi za onse awiri ogulitsa matendawa otchedwa Dutch elm matenda angapezeke pa tsamba lachitukuko cha Utah State, komanso zina zambiri zokhudza matenda a Dutch elm.
Chimene Chomera Cloning Mungachite Kuti Muthandize
Chifukwa cha chomera chomera chomera cha mtengo, Alden Townsend, chivomerezo cha Ulmus americana tsopano ndi chabwino. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, pafupifupi zaka 25 zogwira ntchito ndi U. americana zinafika pompano pamene chilengezochi chinapangidwira kuti Townsend idapambana ndi mavuto awiri atsopano: Mtengo wa American elm womwe umagonjetsedwa ndi matenda a Dutch elm unayamba.
Amatchedwa U. americana "Valley Forge" ndi U. americana "New Harmony," ma clones a Townsend tsopano ali pamsika. Chomera chophimba ntchito ya mitengo ya zamoyo zimapitirizabe kuyembekezera kupanga makina atsopano a ku America omwe angakhale otsutsana kwambiri ndi matenda a Dutch elm.
Pakalipano, ngati simungathe kugula imodzi mwa makina awa a American, kapena ngati mukuyesera kusunga mtengo wokhazikika, tsatirani malangizo awa:
- Sungani nthambi zakufa kapena zakufa kuchokera ku American elms, kuyambira kugwa mpaka mochedwa yozizira. Njirayi, yotchedwa limbing , imayendetsedwa bwino ndi akatswiri.
- Pewani kudulira mapiritsi a America kuyambira April mpaka August. Mbalameyi imatulutsa kachilomboka kamakopeka ndi elm yodulidwa ndipo imakhala yogwira ntchito nthawiyi.
- Onetsetsani zizindikiro za matenda a Dutch elm. Masamba a maulendo a ku America omwe ali ndi kachilomboka adzapita m'chilimwe. Iwo amayamba kutembenukira chikasu, kenako kupiringa, ndipo potsiriza amakhala bulauni. Zizindikiro kawirikawiri zimawonekera koyamba pamakona a American elms.
- Ngati zizindikiro zikuwonekera, taya zitsulo zoyenera ku America bwino. Kumidzi, akhoza kuwotchedwa. M'madera akumidzi, tengani ku malo osungirako malo.
Onani kuti ma elms a America akuonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa mitengo yoipitsitsa yopanga odwala matenda odwala matendawa. Kwa omwe sali odwala matendawa, amishonale a ku America amapanga zomera zabwino kwambiri . Amamuli Achimerika ndi olimba ozizira kuti azitha kugawo lachitatu.
Anthu sangakhale okhawo omwe amapambana ngati kale omwe amadziwika kuti amodzi a America amabwezeretsanso kupyolera mu ntchito yopanga mankhwala. Kwa Baltimore orioles, American elms nthawi zonse anali mtengo wokonda nesting. Oriole wamphongo ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zowonongeka kwambiri, ndi kufuula machenjeza a lalanje omwe amachitidwa ndi jet wakuda. Baltimore orioles amakonda American elms kwa nesting chifukwa cha chizoloŵezi chowopsa cha nthambi za mitengo. Zitsulo za Orioles zomwe zimakhala kumapeto kwa nthambi za American elms n'zovuta kuti zinyama zifike.
Bruce Carley akutiuza momwe mizinda ya Portland, Maine ndi New Haven, Connecticut inali nyumba ya amishonale ambiri a ku America kuti malo awo onse adziwika kuti, "City of Elms," kale mawu asanalankhule kuti, "kulima cloning" . Koma chifukwa cholima cloning, chiyembekezo chiri bwino tsopano kuti tsiku lina anthu adzalemekeza mzinda wanu ndi epithet, "City of Elms." Mitsinje yamaluwa imatha kubwezeretsanso "Elm Street, USA."