01 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Pinterest Kuphika mpira ndi imodzi mwazochita zamakono kwambiri. Zaka zambiri zakhala zikupezeka m'mitundu yambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, anthu ndi magulu, madengu opangidwa ndi nsalu ndi nsalu monga zinthu zoyamba ndi zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi manja a anthu. M'mayiko ambiri a ku Africa, monga m'madera ena kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, pamakhalabe miyambo yosiyanasiyana yotsitsa. Kuchokera m'mabasiketi a Mtutsi ku Rwanda kupita ku madengu a Zulu a South Africa, njirazi zimagwirizanitsa njira zamakono zakale komanso zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwabwino kwa anthu amasiku ano. Ndipo ngakhale madengu ambiriwa adalowa mu malo ozungulira dziko lonse lapansi, mwinamwake madengu ambiri odziwika bwino a Africa ndi omwe angakumane nawo mu lesitilanti monga m'nyumba.
02 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Mipando Mu Malo Anga Pafupifupi munthu aliyense amene ankakonda zakudya za ku Ethiopia ku resitilanti zomwe zimayenda bwino kwambiri mwinamwake anakumana ndi mesob. Sitima yazitali kwambiri, yotsika pansi kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri pa malo oterewa, kuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kumalo odyera. Chomwe chimapangitsa mesob kukhala chosiyana ndi chakuti ntchito yoyamba ndi yosasunga chakudya chosungirako, koma kukhala ngati chakudya choti anthu adyeko. Mbali ina yodabwitsa ya madengu awa ndi zodabwitsa mtundu wa palettes ndi mesmerizing ziboliboli zopangidwa mu chidutswa chilichonse. Koma monga zinthu zambiri padziko lonse zomwe zili ndi mbiri yakalekale, mesob ikhoza kuchita zambiri kuposa zomwe zikuwonetsera pamwamba. Ikhozanso kukuuzani zinthu za malo ndi nthawi zomwe zimachokera, zotsutsana zomwe zadutsa komanso njira zomwe anthu asinthira panjira. Muyenera kudziwa mafunso omwe mungapemphe. Kotero, kuti mupereke chitsanzo cha zomwe ziyenera kuti ziphunzire, pano pali zinthu zokondweretsa 4 zomwe madengu a Ethiopia amakuwuzani inu.
03 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Flickr Angakuuzeni Za Mbiri ndi Ndale
Ngakhale kuti kawirikawiri amadziwika kuti ndi Ethiopia, Mesob mabasiketi ali ndi miyambo yochuluka ya Harari basi yomwe ikugwiranso ntchito kudera laling'ono - mzinda wotchedwa Harar kum'mwera kwa Ethiopia (1). Mzinda wa Harari ndi wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kwambiri wotchuka chifukwa cha mzindawo wa m'zaka za m'ma 1500 ndi zipata zisanu zoyambirira zofanana ndi zigawo zisanu za mzindawo (2). . Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda wokha kumakhala kovuta kuti ukhale ndi chibwenzi (3). Mabuku osiyanasiyana amanena zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa 7 mpaka 11th AD AD Mzindawu sunali mbali ya Ethiopia, ndipo unadutsa muzandale zandale, ukukwera komanso ukudziwika kuti usanalowe mudziko loyandikira. chakumapeto kwa zaka za 19 th century. Kupyolera mu zonsezi, mzindawu udakali malo ofunika kwambiri a zamalonda, ogwirizanitsa njira zamalonda pakati pa Ethiopia, Horn of Africa ndi Arabia Peninsula yomwe ili ndi mayiko odalirika omwe amalonjeza malonda ndi malo akutali (4)
Mu 1520 AD Harar anakhala likulu la Adal Sultinate (ibid.). Ngakhale kuti poyamba anagwidwa ndi Aarabu, sultanate inali kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu a ku Somalia a Walashma Dynasty pamene Harar inakhala likulu lawo (5). Kukhala ufumu wodziimira mu 1647 AD, Harar anakhalabe mtundu wake mpaka 1875, pamene unagonjetsedwa ndi Aigupto pansi pa Ismail Pasha kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi (6). Nkhondo ya Chelenqo, imene inamuona Harar kukhala gawo lachikhalire la Ethiopia inachitika mu 1887. Inayamba pamene Emir wa Harar adayambitsa nkhondo yochititsa chidwi ku ufumu wa Etiopia woyandikana nawo, womwe unatsogozedwa nthawi imeneyo ndi Menelik II. Pambuyo pa kuukiridwa, Harara inatengedwa ndi mphamvu za Menelik ndipo zidaphatikizidwa ku dziko la Aitiopia (7).
04 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Pinterest Iwo Angakuuzeni Za Chipembedzo
Kufunika kwa Islam ku Harar, ndi mzindawo kupita ku chikhulupiriro, kumapitirira kutali ndi malo ake monga mzinda waukulu womwe kale unali umodzi. Harar imanenedwanso kuti ndilochinaikulu mzinda wopatulika wa Islam, potsatira Mecca okha, malo obadwira a Mneneri Muhammad; Medina, malo ake othawa kwawo komanso malo ake; ndi Yerusalemu, yomwe Koran imanena kuti malo omwe Mtumiki adakwera kumwamba komanso Qibla yoyamba - njira yoyambirira yomwe Asilamu oyambirira ankaphunzitsidwa kuti ayang'ane nawo pamapemphero (8). Ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti, kusiyana kwa Harara ngati mzinda wachinayi wopatulika kwambiri wachisilamu, sikungatheke. Palinso ena omwe amadzitcha mutu, monga mzinda wa Tunisia wa Kairouan. Komabe, Harar anali, kwa zaka zambiri, malo ofunika kwambiri a maphunziro a Chisilamu, ndakatulo ndi zojambula monga zokopa (9). Lero mzindawu umakhalabe ndi mitu ya 82 ndi malo opatulika oposa 100, komanso nyumba zamatawuni zambiri zomwe zimadziwika kuti zimakhala zokongola komanso zokongola (10).
05 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Khama la Chiarabu Iwo Angakuuzeni Za Zajambula ndi Chikhalidwe cha Anthu
Kwa zaka zambiri, kuyembekezera nsomba kwasanduka fano lofunika kwambiri kwa Harari, lomwe makamaka likutsatiridwa, makamaka ndi amayi okhaokha omwe ali apamwamba kwambiri (11). Zida zomwe madenguwo amawongolera zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya udzu kapena udzu wouma. Migir , chomera cholimba, kawirikawiri chosiyidwa chosagwedezeka, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a mapepala omwe adzapanga dengu. Zipangizozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mtundu wa udzu wotchedwa Harari monga gargara , komanso kwa mabotolo akumadzulo monga Eleusine jaegeri. Izi zimayambira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayengedwa, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mtundu wa ulusi wonse kuti azikongoletsa kabasi wotsirizidwa ndikukhala pamodzi.
Pomaliza q uarma ndi mtundu wa udzu, womwe umagwira ntchito yokongoletsera ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa dengu ( 12 ). Ngakhale njira zowonjezera mtundu wopangira nsalu zimaphatikizapo kujambula zamitundu, masiku ano kufa sikungophatikizapo kupaka mankhwala enaake amchere m'madzi otentha ndi kuwonjezera udzu ndi udzu wofunidwa kuti ukhale wosakaniza (ibid.). Ngakhale anthu ambiri a ku Harari omwe amavala nsalu zapamwamba amakhala ndi chidziwitso chodabwitsa kwambiri pa utoto wa utoto.
06 cha 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
Ethnology Kupanga baskiti ndi njira yowonongeka yopangira ndi kuyanika, pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kuti apange mitundu yambiri yamakono. Nkhaniyi ikuphatikizidwa kwambiri ndi mfundo yakuti ngakhale zofunikira zadengu ladengu ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zikhale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zambiri zomwe akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ziyenera kuchitira Harari kapepala kojambula bwino (13). Mabhasika apedzana akaparadzana mumapoka maviri zvichienderana nekutarirwa kuti zvivekwe zvekushongedza. Pa mitundu makumi atatu yodziwika bwino ya dengu, makumi awiri ndi awiri akulowa mu gulu loyamba ndi asanu ndi atatu otsala omwe amapanga ( 14 ). Monga machitidwe ena ambiri ochokera ku zikhalidwe za ku Africa, maofesi a Harari ali ndi mayina enieni, ambiri omwe amatchula mbiriyakale ya mzinda, omwe kale anali olamulira, ogonjetsa kapena zina zochitika zakale zosaiwalika. Chitsanzo chimodzi chotchedwa "Shield of the Amir," chimatanthawuza mabungwe omwe adagonjetsa boma lokhalokha (15).
Kuphika ngolo sikunali kokha luso loyenera kuti asonyeze kuti mkazi wa Harari anali wabwino kubereka. Chofunika chofanana ndi luso la mkazi pokonzekera madengu okongoletsera pamakoma a nyumba yake. Kuphika ndi kukonza mabhasika kunali gawo lalikulu la moyo wa abambo a Harari monga momwe ankayembekezera pa nthawi yaukwati wawo - nthawi zambiri atangotha msinkhu - kuti athe kukwera madengu awo, kuphatikizapo madengu awiri ofanana kuti aperekedwe kwa apongozi ake aakazi ndi amodzi kuti mwamuna wawo azipita naye (ibid.). Posachedwapa, poyang'ana kuchepa kwakukulu popanga madengu pakati pa Harari, mipingo ingapo yakhazikitsidwa yakhazikika mumzinda wa akazi wokhala ndi mpanda wofuna kuyendetsa chikhalidwecho kuposa zamisiri zomwe zimapangidwira malonda a alendo ( 16 ).
07 a 07
4 Zochititsa chidwi Baski Aitiopiya Angakuuzeni
AphroChic Angakuuzeni za Zakudya Zina
Potsiriza, ngakhale madengu a Harari akhoza kuwonetsedwa kawirikawiri ku malo odyera a ku Ethiopia, sikuti ali chabe mafilimu a injera omwe amachititsa anthu abwino a ku Harar ngongole yakuyamika. Dziko la Ethiopia lakhala likudziwika kale ngati nyumba yoyambirira ya khofi. Harrar, yomwe ili pafupi ndi dera la Keffa komwe khofi limatchulidwa kuti ndilo nyumba yoyamba yopangira khofi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chomera ndi zakumwa zikhotsedwe ndikugawikidwa padziko lonse lapansi (17).
