Kodi Cholinga cha Scandinavia N'chiyani?

01 ya 09

Dziko Lonse la Zopanga za Scandinavia

Kaya muli ndi chilakolako, chizoloŵezi, kapena ngakhale chodabwitsa, mwamwayi mumamva za kalembedwe ka Scandinavia. Ndipotu, mwinamwake mwamvapo mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri kuti mwayamba kudzifunsa chomwe kwenikweni akunena. Zina mwa izo ndizosavuta kutenga - makoma oyera, matabwa pansi ndi mipando yamakono, koma payenera kukhala yochuluka ku nkhaniyi, molondola? Zomwe zimachitika, pali - zambiri. Njira yomwe inachititsa kuti ku Scandinavia kukonzedwa kukhala imodzi mwa machitidwe apamwamba kwambiri mkati mwa dziko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 21 kwenikweni inayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za 19. Ali panjira, maufumu ananyamuka ndi kugwa, mawonedwe a dziko adasinthidwa, dziko linkapita ku nkhondo kawiri ndi luso, nzeru ndi mipando zonse zinasintha njira zomwe iwo ankadzionera okha komanso wina ndi mnzake. Pewani kusanganikirana ndi mayina ena omwe ali ndi luso komanso olemekezeka m'mbiri ya mapangidwe, mayina monga, Alvar Aalto, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Eero Arnio ndi Ingvar Kamprad (yemwe anayambitsa IKEA), ndipo muli ndi zambiri kuposa kalembedwe ka chigawo chomwe chakhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse zapangidwe kuyambira m'ma 1950 - muli ndi mbiri yabwino.

02 a 09

Scandinavia mu Focus

Scandinavia si malo amodzi okha, ndi angapo. Ndi angati omwe nthawi zina angadalire ndi yemwe mukulankhula naye, kapena ngakhale. Mwachikhalidwe, mawuwo amatanthauza mayiko atatu kumpoto kwa Ulaya - Norway, Sweden ndi Denmark. Pakalipano, tanthauzoli lafutukulidwa mofanana ndi ku Finland, Iceland, ndi ngakhale, ngakhale pang'ono, Greenland. Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yambiri yofanana ndi mbiri komanso chikhalidwe pakati pa mayikowa, palinso kusiyana kochepa chabe. Nkhani ya momwe iwo adakhalira ogwirizana pansi pa chikhomo cha zokongoletsera kunyumba ndi imodzi mwa mbali zosangalatsa kwambiri za nkhaniyo, nkhani ya malonda monga mbiri, ndipo imodzi yomwe imayamba ndi kusintha mafilosofi amtundu wa anthu kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800.

03 a 09

Romanticism imachepa

Dziko linali kusintha mofulumira pamene zaka za zana la 19 zinatsekedwa ndipo zaka 20 zinatsegulidwa. Kusintha kwa mafakitale kunasintha moyo, malonda ndi ndale mofulumira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo filosofi yomwe inatsogolera njira zomwe anthu amachita nawo zinthu izi zinasintha. Zamasiku ano zinali kubadwa mwa mitundu yonse zomwe zidzatenge. Koma palinso zolemba za kukayikira, kumvetsera mwachidwi zachilengedwe pakati pa chisangalalo cha makina opanga mofulumira. Chimodzi mwa malangizo amenewa chinachokera ku kayendedwe ka Art & Crafts motsogoleredwa ndi wokonza, William Morris. Potsutsana ndi "kuphunzira mwakhama zachilengedwe," komanso mibadwo yakale ya zamatsenga, Morris amayesa kuthetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amachititsa kuti ntchito zamakono zowonjezera tsikuli zioneke ngati chimodzi mwa mapeto a chikondi cha Romanticism ngakhale gulu la Art Nouveau lidayambira ku Ulaya.

04 a 09

Art Nouveau, Art Deco & Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 Art Nouveau anali kutamandidwa monga "mawonekedwe atsopano a zaka zatsopano." Mofanana ndi machitidwe atsopano atsopano, Art Nouveau anali m'njira zambiri kukana mafomu omwe analipo kale. Ndipo monga kayendetsedwe ka zojambulajambula ndi zojambulajambula, adalandira zojambulajambula zamakono komanso zojambula bwino ndi zomangamanga. Pamene Ulaya inayandikira pafupi ndi kuyambika kwa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi mu 1914, kufotokozera zachuma kunayamba kukhala mbali yambiri ya zojambulajambula. Kuwonetseratu kwa zojambulajambula za ku Ulaya kudzera muzinthu monga German Bauhaus, Russian Constructivists ndi Swiss Dadaist zinasonyeza kuti anthu ambiri amatsutsa malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Panthawi imene nkhondo inatha mu 1918, nyumbazo zinali zisonyezero zofooketsa monga momwe zinalili zolemba za Art Nouveau. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo yapadziko lonse inawonongeka, zaka ziwiri zokha zinasiyanitsa mapeto a nkhondoyo kuyambira pachiyambi cha ma Roti 20 , ndipo pofika m'chaka cha 1925, zojambula zachilengedwe za Art Nouveau zakhala zikuchotsedweratu ndi zojambula zowonongeka, ya Deco Art. Ndipo ngakhale kuti cholinga chawo chinali kukondwerera nthawi yosapindula, ulamuliro wa Art Deco monga kalembedwe ka kapangidwe katsopano kwa akuluakulu atsopano a new riche anachepetsedwa ndi kuyamba kwa Great Depress mu 1930 ndipo anafika kwathunthu poyambira ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.

05 ya 09

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, Modernism & Democratic Design

Ngati WWI inkawonekera ming'alu ya ukalamba wa anthu a ku Ulaya komanso olemekezeka, a WWII anawamasula. Ulamuliro woposa ufumu umodzi unasanduka mabwinja ndipo ngakhale mphamvu za ku Ulaya zikanatha kulimbana zaka makumi ambiri kuti zigwirizane ndi zopindulitsa zomwe anapeza ku Colonia ku Africa, South America ndi Asia, masiku amenewo anawerengedwanso. Malingaliro a filosofi ku Ulaya pankhani ya luso ndi chikhalidwe chinasinthasintha, ndipo kusintha kumeneku kunawonetseratu pa zokongoletsera kunyumba.

Mpaka pano, zolinga za mkatikati ngakhale zojambula, nsalu ndi kapangidwe ka zojambulazo zinali, mwazinthu zambiri, zakhazikitsidwa bwino. Kaya ali mu Art Deco, Art Nouveau, kapena mafano oyambirira, kukongola kunyumba kunali chigawo cha anthu omwe angakwanitse. Kukula kwa zovuta kapena zozizwitsa m'makonzedwewo kunali kuganizira mozama za momwe munthu alili ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chofunika kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse. Komabe zomwe zinayamba kusintha pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi Modernism zomwe zinayamba mbali ndi Art Nouveau zinayamba kutenga mawonekedwe atsopano.

06 ya 09

Tsiku Latsopano Pachilengedwe cha European

Zili zovuta kufotokoza momwe anthu ambiri amachitira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40 ndi zaka za m'ma 50, kuti nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse zomwe zili m'kati mwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi, zinali umboni wakuti anthu ambiri anali kuchita zolakwika. Mofanana ndi anthu ambiri m'mayiko ambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, "dziko lapansi linkafunafuna mankhwala [a chikunja, omwe amaimiridwa ndi] International Style, omwe-chifukwa cha Bauhaus-ankagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi Germany." Malingaliro atsopano a chikhalidwe cha demokarasi anali akufalikira kupyolera mu Ulaya ndipo mwadongosolo iwo adatenga mawonekedwe a kusinthira misonkhano yachikulire yozungulira kukongola ndi udindo. Chikhulupiliro chatsopanocho chinakhala kuti kukongola kamodzi kokha kunafera olemera komanso ntchito zomwe anthu ambiri amafunikira, komanso kuti zinthu zoterezi zikhale zotsika mtengo kwa aliyense. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zaka zotsatira za WWII zinawona mitundu ya ku Scandinavia ikugwirizanitsa pamodzi. Izi zinali zoona makamaka mmalo opangidwa, chisankho chinafika pamisonkhano yambiri ya 1940 yomwe inachitikira m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Scandinavia.

07 cha 09

Kupanga ku Scandinavia

Njira yatsopano yopangidwira, kuphatikiza kukongola, kuphweka ndi kugwirira ntchito inali yoyenerera mwapadera kuti atsindika miyambo yambiri ya kalembedwe ya Scandinavia. Choyamba mwa izi chinali kufunika kwa ntchito. Madera ovuta a kumpoto kwa Ulaya, makamaka m'nyengo yamapiri, adakalipangitsa anthu a ku Scandinaviya kukhala ndi mwayi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa kukongoletsera komanso kuphweka kungadzitsatire mwachibadwa monga gawo limodzi. Komabe ntchitoyi yakhala ikulimbikitsana kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka Bauhaus komwe kakhala kogwira ntchito kambirimbiri mu zomangamanga za Scandinavia.

Ngakhale kuti kalembedwe kake ka Scandinavia kamangidwe kameneka kanayamba zaka 40, sizinayambe mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 zomwe zinayamba kukhazikitsidwa ngati chinthu chodziwikiratu. Chimodzi mwa masitepe oyambirira ndiwo kukhazikitsidwa kwa Mphoto Yowongoka, yomwe imatchedwa Frederik Lunning, wochokera kunja ku New York wa mapangidwe achiDanishi. Mphoto, yomwe inkaonedwa kuti, "Nobel Prize" ya Scandinavia Design, "inapatsidwa mphoto kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 1951 ndi chaka chilichonse chitatha kufikira 1970. Pasanapite nthawi yomwe mpangidwe wa mpikisano wa Scandinavia wapangidwira unapeza mmodzi mwa akatswiri oyambirira kwambiri m'ndandanda wa House Beautiful magazine, Elizabeth Gordon. Wokonza zinthu zokhala ndi zitsime zambiri, Gordon, "adawonetseratu zojambula za Scandinavia monga njira yopangira fascism nthawi ya chipani cha Nazi: demokalase, zachibadwa, zochepa, zachikondi, komanso zoganizira kunyumba ndi banja, osati boma." Mu 1954, Gordon anakonza Zokonzedwe ku Scandinavia , chiwonetsero choyendayenda cha mitundu yabwino yomwe mayiko ogwirizana adayenera kupereka. Kwa zaka zitatu chiwonetserocho chinayendera midzi ku United States ndi Canada isanafike kumapeto kwa 1957.

08 ya 09

Scandinavia Yopangidwa M'katikati

Panthawi imene Design mu Scandinavia inatsiriza kuthamanga kwake, ku Scandinavia kukongola kunali chinthu chodziwika padziko lonse, chomwe chinali ndi zotsatira zamphamvu kwambiri ku US. Ngakhale kuti kutchuka kwake kunachepa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 80, cholinga cha kukhalitsa komwe kwachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 2000, kwapangitsa moyo watsopano kukhazikika. Zipinda zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kalembedwe ka Scandinavia monga momwe tikudziwira lero zimayamika makoma oyera kuti zitsimikizire kuwala, osalowerera-zolemera mtundu wa puloteni ndi mapiko a mtundu, zojambula monga matabwa ndi miyala, kusowa kwa mazenera ndi ma carpets, Osagwirizana ndi zolemba zomwe zimatsindika zokongola kwambiri.

Danga ili ndilo gawo la chipinda chokonzedwa ku Scandinavia. Mtengo wopanda nkhuni pamodzi ndi mpando wa miyendo, tebulo ndi zomera zimabweretsa malingaliro a dziko lakunja lomwe ndilofunikira kwambiri kalembedwe kameneka. Pa nthawi yomweyi, makoma a njerwa zoyera amawonjezera maonekedwe okhwimitsa panthawi yomwe amatha kutulukira pakhomo lalikulu. Mipando ndi magetsi zimakhalanso ndi zochitika zamakono za m'ma 100 CE zomwe zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maonekedwe a ku Scandinavia pamtunda wapadziko lonse m'ma 50s. Zambiri mwa makonzedwewa, ngakhale malo ochepa, ndi osaphatikizapo komanso ophweka, kupatsa malo onse chisamaliro chodziwika bwino chotchedwa Hygge ("hoo-gah"), chomwe chiri cholinga cha chipinda chilichonse cha kalembedwe cha Scandinavia.

09 ya 09

Zokongoletsera za Scandinavia mu Zinyumba

Kuwonjezera pakupanga njira zomwe timapangira zipinda zathu, zojambula za Scandinavia zimadziwika kuti zimapereka ndalama zochuluka zogwiritsa ntchito mipangidwe, zomwe zingakhale zamuyaya. Pambuyo pake, nyumba zochepa za ku America zatha popanda ulendo wopita ku IKEA. Ndipo mphamvu ya zidutswa monga mpando wa mkono wa Alvar Aalto ndi mipando ya Egg , Drop, ndi Swan ya Arne Jacobson ikupitirira kumva mpaka lero. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa maonekedwe ndi maonekedwe osiyanasiyana omwe akhala akuchokera ku zaka 100 za mipando ya Scandinavia ndipo amatipatsa zifukwa zambiri zoyembekeza zana limodzi.