Dzina lakuti John James Audubon ndilodziwika kwa mbalame iliyonse, koma bwanji? Kudziwa zambiri za moyo wa munthu uyu ndi cholowa chake kungathandize munthu aliyense kumudziwa kudziwa momwe Audubon yakhudzidwira zomwe zimayambira lero.
Dzina : John James Audubon (Jean-Jacques Fougère Audubon)
Kubadwa : April 26, 1785, Les Cayes, Haiti
Imfa : January 27, 1851, New York, United States
About John James Audubon
John James Audubon anali mwana wapathengo, wobadwa pa shuga ya bambo ake ku Haiti.
Amayi ake - ambuye a bambo ake - anamwalira ali ndi miyezi ingapo chabe. Kuyambira ali mwana, kupanduka kwa akapolo ndi zipolowe zambiri m'madera a ku France ku Caribbean zinalimbikitsa bambo ake kubwerera ku France, ndipo Audubon anakulira pafupi ndi Nantes, ku Loire River kumadzulo kwa France. Ali mwana, Audubon ankakonda kukhala panja, kaya anali kusaka, kusodza, kukwera, kumayenda kapena, kukonda mbalame. Ankakondanso zojambula ndi nyimbo.
Mu 1803, Audubon anasamukira ku United States ndipo adalemba dzina lake, ndipo anakhala John James m'malo mwa Jean-Jacques. Anayamba kukhala ku Mill Grove, banja la Audubon ku Pennsylvania makilomita 20 kuchokera ku Philadelphia, akuphunzira kuyang'anira ntchito za migodi pa malo. Anayamba kuphunzira mbalame za ku America, ndipo anapititsa patsogolo luso lake muzojambula. Anakumananso ndi Lucy Bakewell, mtsikana wachinyumba chakuyandikana naye omwe anali ndi zofuna zake zambiri m'chilengedwe.
Pamene chuma cha chumacho chinapindula phindu kusiyana ndi kukhulupirira, Audubon anasamukira ku Kentucky, kukwatiwa ndi Lucy Bakewell mu 1808. Adzakhala ndi ana anayi - aakazi awiri, Lucy ndi Rose, onse awiri omwe adamwalira kwambiri - ndi ana awiri, Victor Gifford Audubon (1809-1860) ndi John Woodhouse Audubon (1812-1862).
Pamene nyengo zachuma zinasinthasintha, Audubon inakhala gawo lopangira malire a malonda onse, kuyesa ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti zithandize banja lake. Iye anali wojambula wotchuka wa zojambula, wophunzitsidwa kujambula makalasi ndipo anakhala zaka zambiri monga wamalonda. Anayambanso mphero ya ufa ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku taxidermy. Pa nthawiyi adayenda kwambiri, akukhala ku Mississippi, Missouri, Alabama, Florida, Ohio ndi Louisiana. Nthaŵi zambiri ankagwira ntchito ndi Achimereka Achimereka, ndipo anayamba kuyamikira kwambiri nzeru zawo. Kulikonse kumene iye amapita, komabe, anapitiriza kupitiriza kuphunzira mbalame, kuwapangitsa kuphunzira zambiri za khalidwe lawo.
Mu 1812, pamene nkhondo ndi Great Britain inayamba, Audubon anasiya chiyanjano chake cha ku France ndipo anakhala mzika ya United States yokha.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1820, Audubon anayamba kuganizira kwambiri cholinga chake chojambula mbalame zonse ku America. Anayenda ulendo wambiri kufunafuna zitsanzo za mbalame - mbalame zomwe ankazisaka kuti aphunzire mdzanja. Anapanga zitsanzo pogwiritsira ntchito mawaya kuti aziwatsogolera pamalo oyenerera, pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zapadera zomwe mbalame iliyonse idasunthira ndikuchita. Mu 1824, adayesa kufalitsa ntchito yake - yomwe adaika mbalame za America - ku Philadelphia, koma osapambana.
Mu 1826, Audubon anapita ku England kukayesa kubwezeretsanso, ndipo potsirizira pake anatha kufalitsa zojambula zake mofanana, ndi olembetsa olemba mapepala akamaliza. Mwa njira iyi, mapepala 435 omwe amapanga makope oyambirira a Birds of America anafalitsidwa pang'onopang'ono kuyambira 1827 mpaka 1838.
M'zaka za m'ma 1830, Audubon adapitiliza kuyenda pakati pa England ndi United States, nthawi zonse kufunafuna mipata yambiri yosunga mbalame zomwe sanaonepo mwatsatanetsatane. Pamene ntchito yake inkapitiriza kutchuka, kutchuka kwake kunakula ndipo anapatsidwa ulemu wochuluka. Mu 1839, adagula nyumba kumpoto kwa Manhattan, ku New York, komwe adayendabe ulendo wake kukafalitsa zofalitsa zatsopano za ntchito yake, zomwe nthawi zambiri zinkaphatikizapo mbale zatsopano osati mbali ya mapepala apitalo.
Ngakhale kuti Audubon anapita ku America kumadzulo ndipo ankafuna kulembetsa mitundu yambiri ya kumadzulo, thanzi lake linali lolephera.
Mu 1848 adayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za matenda a dementia, omwe ayenera kuti anapeza kuti ndi matenda a Alzheimer lero. Atamwalira mu 1851, anaikidwa m'manda pafupi ndi nyumba yake ku Manhattan.
Zopereka kwa Mbalame
Mu moyo wake wonse, John James Audubon anali wachilengedwe, adokotala ndi ojambula, ndipo zopereka zake ku birding zamakono sizingatheke.
- Mbalame za ku America zinasintha zamoyo za mbalame, monga Audubon inafotokozera mbalame zazikuluzikulu zamoyo pazochitika zenizeni, zisonyezeratu zochitika zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi makhalidwe apadera kapena malo amodzi omwe amasiyanitsa mitundu yonse. Zochitika zenizeni za zojambula zake zinakhudza mbalame ndi osakhala mbalame chimodzimodzi, ndikufalitsa mbalame za ku America ndi momwe mbalame zodabwitsa zingakhalire.
- Pa maulendo ake komanso maulendo ake, Audubon anapeza mitundu 25 ya mbalame zosawerengedwa ku United States, ndipo anatchula ma subspecies 12 omwe kale sanali odziwika.
- Cholinga cha Audubon pa zojambulajambula chinamuthandiza kumanga miyendo yozungulira miyendo ya kum'mawa kwa Phoebes, yomwe inalembedwa koyamba ku mbalame za mbalame kumpoto kwa America. Iye anawona kuti mbalamezo zinabwerera kumalo odyera omwewo nthawi iliyonse yamasika.
- Ngakhale kuti idakhazikitsidwa patangotha nthawi yaitali imfa yake, National Society of Audubon isatchulidwe mu ulemu. Bungwe likupitiriza kulimbikitsa chisungidwe cha mbalame ndi malo awo, zomwe Audubon analankhula molimbika mu zolemba zake zamtsogolo.
- Malo opitirira 30 amatchulidwa ku ulemu wa Audubon, kuphatikizapo malo ambiri odyetserako, mapiri ndi malo opatulika, komanso sukulu, misewu ndi madokolo. Malo ku United States ndi ku France ali ndi dzina lake.
Mbalame Zitchulidwa Pambuyo pa John James Audubon
Ngakhale kuti ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa zolemba za American, mbalame zochepa zimatchulidwa mwachindunji pambuyo pa Audubon, zomwe zimalemekeza kwambiri mbalame iliyonse yomwe ingaganizire ndi imodzi yomwe imakumbutsa dzina lake.
- Audubon's Oriole ( Icterus graduacauda )
- Shearwater's Audubon ( Puffinus lherminieri )
- Mbalame yotchedwa Yellow-Rumped Warbler , Audubon's subspecies ( Setophaga coronata auduboni )
Chithunzi - Chiwombankhanga Chodumpha, Audubon's Subspecies © Dan Pancamo