Mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira kulera zachilengedwe, John Muir sakudziwika lero
John Muir anali mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri a zachilengedwe ku America, ngati si dziko. Zolemba zake ndi zowonjezereka zinapangitsa anthu ambiri kukhala osungira zamoyo - kuchokera kwa azidindo kwa a Boy Scouts - komabe iye sakudziwika lero. Kodi John Muir anali ndani, ndipo adachititsanso bwanji chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa zachilengedwe?
Moyo Woyambirira wa John Muir
Muir anabadwira ku Dunbar, Scotland pa April 21, 1838, wachitatu mwa ana asanu ndi anayi.
Bambo ake Daniel Muir anali woweruza okhwima omwe anaumirira kuti aziphunzitsa ana ake mwakhama, ndipo sankafuna kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro chake cholimba cha Baibulo ndi kumenya nkhondo.
Banja la Muir linasamukira ku America mu 1849, kukakhala pa famu pafupi ndi Portage, Wisconsin. Ngakhale kuti banja lake linali lovuta, John Muir anali wokhoza kuthera nthawi yofufuza chipululu pafupi ndi Wisconsin, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti ayambe kukonda zachilengedwe.
Ali mnyamata, Muir adawonetsera mphatso yodabwitsa yokonza makina, ndipo adalandira mphoto zambiri pazochita zake, kuphatikizapo mawotchi opangidwa ndi manja omwe ankasunga nthawi yolondola ndi chipangizo chomwe chinamulanda iye pabedi.
Anasangalatsanso chidwi cha zinthu zakuthupi, komanso chikondi chake cha chilengedwe, ku yunivesite ya Wisconsin mu 1860, kumene adaphunzira za geology, botany, mbiri yachilengedwe ndi zina.
Muir anachoka ku yunivesite patapita zaka zingapo popanda digiri, ndipo anayamba kugwira ntchito monga makinala mu fakitale.
Chombo cha mafakitale m'chaka cha 1867 chinamuchititsa khungu m'maso amodzi; Izi zinamukakamiza kuti aganizirenso zofuna zake, ndipo adatsimikiza mtima kutsatira maloto ake ndi chikhalidwe chake. "Chisautso ichi chandichititsa kumunda wokoma. Mulungu ayenera kutipha ife nthawi zina, kuti atiphunzitse maphunziro," kenako analemba.
Mnyamata wa Muir anali wokhoza kupezeka mosavuta, ndipo adachoka ku nyanja ya Great Lakes m'chaka cha 1867, akuyenda chakumpoto ku Gulf of Mexico, kukafika ku Cuba, kumadzulo kupita kudziko lomwe linakhala nyumba yake ndi yauzimu: California.
Muir mu California
Mayi woyamba adayenda kuchokera ku San Francisco kupita ku Yosemite Valley mu 1868, ndipo malo ochititsa chidwi adayambitsa chikhalidwe chachipembedzo cha mnyamata wodwala kwambiri. Iye anati: "Ife tsopano tiri kumapiri ndipo tili mkati mwathu, okondana kwambiri, kupanga mphotho iliyonse, kukhuta pore iliyonse ndi selo lathu, "ndi wotchuka John Muir.
Muir anakhala mu Yosemite kwa zaka zingapo, akufufuza derali, akuphunzira geology yake ndi zomera, ndi kulembera m'magazini ambiri za momwe chipululu chakumapiri chinamukhudzira iye mwauzimu. Zambiri mwa zolembedwazi zinafalitsidwa m'magazini a East Coast monga Atlantic Monthly ndi Harper's , kulandira Muir kutchuka monga wasayansi backwoods ndi filosofi.
Ambiri odziwika bwino a Easters anabwera kumadzulo kudzawona California; mwa iwo anali Theodore Roosevelt ndi Ralph Waldo Emerson, omwe Muir ankamukonda kwambiri. Amuna onsewa adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Muir, ndipo Roosevelt pambuyo pake adakhazikitsa Yosemite kukhala paki, chifukwa cha mbali yaikulu kwa Muir.
Mu 1880, Muir anakwatira Louie Wanda Strenzel ndipo anakhazikika pa famu ya zipatso ku Martinez, pafupi ndi San Francisco Bay. Patapita nthawi, banjali linali ndi ana aakazi awiri, ndipo famuyi inapambana kuti alolere Muir kuti ayende ulendo wopita ku mapiri a Sierra Nevada.
Muir ndi Conservation Movement
Kupyolera mu zolemba zake, Muir analimbikitsa atsogoleri a ndale ndi anthu wamba kuti azilemekeza ndi kusunga chuma cha ku America. Koma iye sanawope kuchita nkhondo m'malo mwa chirengedwe: ngakhale kuti anali wothandizira posachedwapa Gifford Pinchot , katswiri wa nkhalango ndi wodzitetezera, iye anatseka nyanga ndi Pinchot kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino chipululu.
Pinchot adalimbikitsa mitengo yodalirika, pamene Muir anaona kufunika kwake posiya chilengedwe chokha ndikuyesa chipululu chifukwa cha zinthu zake za uzimu. Patapita nthawi, Muir anakwiya kwambiri atasiya kulankhula ndi Pinchot ndipo sanayang'ane konse.
Mu 1892, Muir anakhazikitsanso Sierra Club, kuti akalimbikitse anthu kuti "azichita zinthu zakutchire ndikupangitsa mapiri kukhala okondwa." Muir anatumikira monga pulezidenti wa gululi kwa moyo wake wonse; Sierra Club yakula kuti ikhale imodzi mwa mabungwe amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
John Muir ndi Hetch Hetchy
Imodzi mwa nkhondo zolimbana ndi Muir inali itadutsa Hetch Hetchy, chigwacho n'chokongola kwambiri monga Yosemite. Akuluakulu a mumzinda wa San Francisco anafuna kuononga chigwacho ndikupanga madzi akukula kwa anthu a Bay Area. Muir adalengeza kuti, "Dambo la Hetch Hetchy! Komanso dziwe la akasinja a madzi makampu ndi mipingo ya anthu, chifukwa kachisi wopanda kachisi adayikapo mtima wa munthu."
Pambuyo pa nkhondo yaitali komanso yamphamvu, mu 1913 chigamulochi chinapangidwanso kuti chiwononge chigwacho, chomwe chinapha Muir. "N'zovuta kupirira," pambuyo pake Muir analemba. "Kuwonongedwa kwa malo okongola ndi minda, yabwino koposa ku California, kumapita pamtima mwanga."
Muir anamwalira chaka chimodzi pamene akuchezera mwana wake wamkazi ku Los Angeles. Kuwonjezera pa nkhani zambiri ndi mabuku ambiri omwe adalemba, cholowa cha Muir chimamveka kwambiri m'chipululu nthawi zonse ankaganizira za nyumba yake. Zambiri zimapulumutsa - kuphatikizapo Muir Woods pafupi ndi San Francisco, Mount Muir ku Sierra Nevada range, John Muir Trail ndi John Muir Wilderness - amatchulidwa kulemekeza munthu amene adapereka moyo wake kuti asunge zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.