12 Zomangamanga Muyenera Kudziwa

Akatswiri a zachilengedwe adakhudza kwambiri miyoyo yathu, koma anthu ambiri sangathe kutchula dzina lodziwika bwino la zachilengedwe. Pano pali mndandanda wa asayansi 12 otchuka, osamalira zachilengedwe, akatswiri a zachilengedwe komanso atsogoleri ena omwe ali ndi ziphuphu .

• 01 pa 12

  John Muir, Wachilengedwe ndi Wolemba

  John Muir (1838-1914) anabadwira ku Scotland ndipo anasamukira ku Wisconsin ali mwana. Moyo wake wokonda kuyenda ulendo wonse unayamba ali mnyamata pamene anali kupita ku Gulf of Mexico. Muir ankagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri ya moyo wake wachikulire akulowetsa - ndikulimbana ndi kusunga - chipululu cha kumadzulo kwa United States, makamaka California. Khama lake linayambitsa kukhazikitsa National Park ya Yosemite, Sequoia National Park ndi mamiliyoni ena malo ena osungirako zinthu. Muir anali ndi mphamvu yaikulu kwa atsogoleri ambiri a tsiku lake, kuphatikizapo Theodore Roosevelt. Mu 1892, Muir ndi ena anayambitsa Sierra Club "kuti mapiri akondwere."

• 02 pa 12

  Rachel Carson, Scientist ndi Wolemba

  Rachel Carson (1907-1964) amaonedwa ndi ambiri monga amene anayambitsa kayendedwe ka zachilengedwe masiku ano. Atabadwira kumidzi ya ku Pennsylvania, adapitiliza kuphunzira biology ku yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins ndi Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. Atagwira ntchito ku US Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson anasindikiza The Sea Around Us ndi mabuku ena. Komabe, ntchito yake yotchuka kwambiri inali 1962, yomwe inali yotchedwa Silent Spring , yomwe inafotokozera mmene kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kunakhudzira chilengedwe. Ngakhale kulipiritsidwa ndi makampani a mankhwala ndi ena, zochitika za Carson zinatsimikizirika zolondola ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga DDT potsiriza analetsedwa.

• 03 a 12

  Edward Abbey, Wolemba ndi Monkey-Wrencher

  Edward Abbey (1927-1989) anali mmodzi mwa anthu odzipereka kwambiri ku America - komanso oopsa kwambiri - azakhalidwe. Atabadwira ku Pennsylvania, amadziwika bwino chifukwa chofuna kuteteza masoka a kumadzulo kwa America. Atatha kugwira ntchito ku National Park Service m'dera lomwe tsopano ndi National Arches National Park ku Utah, Abbey analemba buku la Desert Solitaire , lomwe limagwira ntchito yosamalira zachilengedwe. Buku lake lachichewa , The Monkey Wrench Gang , adadziwika kuti ndi lolimbikitsira dziko loyamba la Earth First! omwe adatsutsidwa ndi eco-chiwonongeko ndi ena, kuphatikizapo akatswiri ambiri a zachilengedwe.

• 04 pa 12

  Aldo Leopold, Katswiri wa Zamoyo ndi Wolemba

  Aldo Leopold (1887-1948) amaonedwa ndi ena kuti ndi mulungu wa zosungirako zakutchire ndi zamakono zamasiku ano. Ataphunzira masitima ku yunivesite Yale, adagwira ntchito ku US Forest Service. Ngakhale kuti poyamba anafunsidwa kuti aphe zimbalangondo, zigawenga ndi ziweto zina kudziko la federal chifukwa cha zionetsero zochokera kumalo osungirako zida, adakonza njira yowonjezereka yopita ku chipululu. Buku lake lodziwikiratu, Sand County Almanac , ndilo limodzi la zofuna zowonongeka kuti apulumuke.

• 05 ya 12

  Julia Hill, Wotsutsa Chilengedwe

  Julia "Butterfly" Hill (1974-) ndi mmodzi mwa akatswiri a zachilengedwe omwe amadzipereka kwambiri masiku ano. Atangotsala pang'ono kufa m'galimoto ya galimoto mu 1996, adapereka moyo wake ku zochitika zachilengedwe. Kwa zaka pafupifupi ziwiri, Hill inakhala m'magulu a mtengo wakale wa redwood (umene amamutcha Luna) kumpoto kwa California kuti aupulumutse kudulidwa. Mtengo wake wa mitengo unasanduka dziko lonse la célèbre, ndipo Hill imakhalabe yogwirizana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndi zachikhalidwe.

• 06 pa 12

  Henry David Thoreau, Wolemba ndi Wotsutsa

  Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) anali mmodzi wa anthu a ku America omwe anali olemba nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo iye akadali mmodzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri. Mu 1845, Thoreau - anakhumudwitsidwa ndi moyo wamasiku ano - adakhala yekha m'nyumba yaing'ono yomwe adamanga pafupi ndi nyanja ya Walden Pond ku Massachusetts. Zaka ziwiri zomwe anakhalamo moyo wosadziwika bwino ndizo kudzoza kwa Walden, kapena Life in Woods , kusinkhasinkha pa moyo ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimawerengedwa kuti chiyenera kuwerengedwa kwa onse azakhazikika. Thoreau adalembanso kachidindo kandale kotchedwa Resistance to Civil Government ( Civil disobedience ) yomwe inafotokozera kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe a maboma oposa.

• 07 pa 12

  Theodore Roosevelt, Politician ndi Conservationist

  Zingadabwe kuti wina wotchuka wothamanga masewera angapangitse mndandanda wa akatswiri a zachilengedwe, koma Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) anali mmodzi mwa akatswiri ambiri omwe anali otetezeka m'chipululu. Pokhala bwanamkubwa wa New York, iye anasiya kugwiritsa ntchito nthenga ngati zokongoletsera zovala kuti athetse kupha mbalame zina. Pulezidenti wa United States (1901-1909), Roosevelt anapatula mazana a mamiliyoni a maekala a m'chipululu, adayesetsa kuteteza nkhalango za nthaka ndi madzi, ndipo adalenga nkhalango zoposa 200 za dziko, zipilala za dziko, malo okongola komanso mapiri.

• 08 pa 12

  Gifford Pinchot, Forester ndi Conservationist

  Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946) anali mwana wamatabwa a matabwa omwe pambuyo pake anadandaula za kuwonongeka kwake kwa nkhalango za America. Polimbikira, Pinchot anaphunzira nkhalango kwa zaka zambiri ndipo anasankhidwa ndi Pulezidenti Grover Cleveland kuti apange ndondomeko yoyang'anira nkhalango za kumadzulo kwa America. Ntchito imeneyi inapitiriza pamene Theodore Roosevelt anamupempha kuti atsogolere US Forest Service. Nthawi yake yomwe anali mu maudindo inalibe kutsutsidwa, komabe; iye adamenyana ndi John Muir poyera kuwonongeka kwa timapepala tchipululu monga Hetch Hetchy ku California, komanso akutsutsidwa ndi makampani a matabwa kuti atseke malo omwe akuwagwiritsa ntchito.

• 09 pa 12

  Chico Mendes, Conservationist and Activist

  Chico Mendes (1944-1988) amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha khama lake populumutsa mitengo ya mvula ya ku Brazil kuchoka ku zolemba mitengo. Mendes anabwera kuchokera ku banja la okolola a rabara omwe anawonjezera ndalama zawo mwa kusonkhanitsa mtedza komanso mitengo ina. Atawopsya chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mathithi a Amazon, iye anathandiza kuponya thandizo la mayiko kuti lisungidwe. Ntchito zake, komabe, zinakwiya ndi zokondweretsa zamatabwa komanso zamatabwa - Mendes anaphedwa ndi ziweto zazing'ono ali ndi zaka 44.

• 10 pa 12

  Wangari Maathai, Political Activist ndi Environmentalist

  Wangari Maathai (1940-2011) anali wotsutsa zachilengedwe komanso ndale ku Kenya. Ataphunzira za biology ku United States, adabwerera ku Kenya kuyamba ntchito yomwe inalumikizana ndi chilengedwe. Maathai adayambitsa gulu la Green Belt Movement ku Africa ndipo adathandiza kulima mitengo yoposa 30 miliyoni, kupereka ntchito kwa osagwira ntchito komanso kuletsa kutentha kwa dothi ndikupeza nkhuni. Anakhazikitsidwa kukhala Pulezidenti Wothandiza ku Dipatimenti Yachilengedwe ndi Zachilengedwe, ndipo mu 2004 Maathai adapatsidwa mphoto ya Nobel Peace Prize pomwe akupitiriza kulimbana ndi ufulu wa amayi, oponderezedwa ndi chilengedwe.

• 11 mwa 12

  Gaylord Nelson, Politician ndi Environmentalist

  Palibe dzina lina lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi Tsiku la Padziko lapansi kuposa la Gaylord Nelson (1916-2005). Atabwerera kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse, Nelson anayamba ntchito monga wandale komanso wotsutsa zachilengedwe kuti adzikhala moyo wake wonse. Pokhala kazembe wa Wisconsin, adakhazikitsa Pulogalamu ya Outdoor Recreation Acquisition Program yomwe inasungira maekala miliyoni miliyoni a parkland. Anathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa njira zamtunduwu (kuphatikizapo Appalachian Trail) ndikuthandizira kupititsa ku Wilderness Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, ndi malamulo ena ofunika kwambiri. Mwinamwake amadziwika bwino kwambiri monga woyamba wa Earth Day , yomwe yakhala phwando lapadziko lonse la zinthu zonse zachilengedwe.

• 12 pa 12

  David Brower, Wotsutsa Chilengedwe

  David Brower (1912-2000) wakhala akugwirizanitsidwa ndi chipulumutso kuyambira pamene adayamba kukwera phiri ngati mnyamata. Brower anasankhidwa kukhala woyang'anira wamkulu wa Sierra Club mu 1952; pa zaka 17 zotsatira, umembala unakula kuchoka pa 2,000 mpaka 77,000, ndipo adagonjetsa zachilengedwe zambiri. Ndondomeko yake yotsutsana, inafika kuti Brower athamangitsidwe kuchoka ku Sierra Club - koma adapeza mabungwe a Friends of the Earth, Earth Island Institute ndi League of Conservation Voters.