Mbiri Yachidule Yokonzekera Maonekedwe Okongola

Mukufuna kukonzanso mapangidwe anu pabwalo , koma mukufuna mfundo zina kuti muyambe? Simudziwa kuti mumakonda chikhalidwe chotani, malo osalongosoka kapena okongoletsera, koma mukudziwa kuti mwatopa kuyang'ana kalembedwe kawo, kapena kutopa ndi kusamalira udzu ? Mukudziwa zomwe mumakonda mukamaziwona m'bwalo la wina , koma pamtunda (simukudziwa bwino nkhaniyi kuti mutanthauzire zomwe mumakonda).

Khulupirirani kapena ayi, phunziro lachidule la mbiriyakale lingakhale chinthu chomwe chingakuthandizeni kuti mumvetse bwino zomwe mumakonda. Kumvetsetsa momwe zojambula zakuthambo zimasinthira zingakufotokozereni bwino zomwe mukuyembekezera kuchokera kumalo anu. Mwinamwake, osadziwa ngakhale pang'ono, mumagwera m'modzi mwa zikuluzikulu zazikulu za kulingalira: malo okongoletsera ndi zojambulajambula kapena zosavomerezeka zomwe zimagwira miyendo yotereyi monga anathema ndikuyesera kuti ayang'ane "mwachibadwa".

Kodi munayamba mwatenga kalasi kazitsulo mu koleji? Mwina pulofesa wanu adagwirizana ndi filosofi ya Immanuel Kant, yomwe imakamba zambiri za "mtheradi" (kuti 2 + 2 = 4 nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chitsanzo cha mtheradi). Kafilosofi yotero nthawi zambiri imamenyetsa wophunzirayo kukhala wosamvetsetseka komanso weniyeni, pafupifupi momwe masamu aliri.

Ndipotu, kugwirizana pakati pa masamu ndi filosofi kuli ndizitali komanso zolemekezeka.

Palibe wina koma atate a filosofi, Agiriki akale, ndiwo oyamba kukhazikitsa. Mwinamwake mwamva za "Euclidean geometry," ndipo mwinamwake mukukumbukira "chiphunzitso cha Pythagorean" kuchokera ku sukulu ya sekondale geometry class. Euclid ndi Pythagoras ankakhala ku Girisi wakale, ndipo anali mmodzi wa akatswiri a nzeru zapamwamba kwambiri.

Pythagoras, nayenso, anachititsa Plato, wafilosofi wotchuka kwambiri ku Greece.

Mu masamu, makamaka mu geometry, Agiriki anapeza dziko la ungwiro, chiyero ndi kukongola zomwe sizikanakhoza kusokonezedwa ndi zenizeni za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Anali malo othawirapo opanda ungwiro kuchokera ku dziko lopanda ungwiro lowazungulira, malo othawirako omwe angathe kuitanidwa pakanthawi. Mizere yolondola, ndege zamagulu, mabwalo abwino: Iwo ndi oyera kwambiri, okoma, ndi otsimikizika. Pali chinthu cholimbikitsa kwambiri, champhamvu kwambiri, komanso zamatsenga . Pokhala ndi dongosolo lokonzekera bwino lomwe limakonzedwa ndi masamu komanso mwachikondi ndi zojambulajambula, tikhoza nthawi zina kuika chifuno chathu pa chilengedwe, chomwe chiri mutu wapadera m'mbiri ya kumadzulo, kuphatikizapo mbiri yokongoletsa malo.

Inde, mapangidwe apangidwe a chikondi cha Agiriki pa geometry afalikira kutali kwambiri ndi njira zamakono za zokongoletsera zomwe timadziwa monga "Greek-key". Mwachitsanzo, m'munsimu mudzauzidwa za mbiri yokongoletsera malo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono. Ngakhale kuti izi zingamveke zovuta kwambiri, mukhoza kutha kuona zambiri mwa izo.

Kukonzekera kwa Maonekedwe Okhazikika ndi Kupanduka kwa Chingerezi

Njira imodzi yokhazikitsira chilengedwe cha munthu payekha ndi kukakamiza zomera mumapangidwe a munthu kuti azigwirizana ndi dongosolo lomwe lili ndi maonekedwe omwe ali pamwambawa.

Zochitika zachirengedwe, mosiyana, zimakhala zosokoneza, kuchokera ku maluso. Palibe ngakhale, pali zovuta zambiri, ndipo mtundu umodzi wa zomera umakula willy-nilly pomwepa pafupi ndi wina, mosasamala kanthu kapena mbali zina zojambula.

Pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya mapangidwe a malo, timayesetsa kukonza njirayi pamene tigwira ntchito yokonza malo. Koma kalembedwe kajimidwe, kapena zomwe zimadziwika bwino kuti "zojambula zokongoletsera," zimapitirira kungosintha chabe. Mmodzi akhoza kuwonetsera ngati kusintha "ndi maganizo."

Mu malo okongoletsera, zolemba zimakhala zovuta kupanga. Izi ndizo, chilengedwe chimapereka zomera (zomwe zilipo), koma timagwiritsa ntchito malangizo okhwima mu machitidwe awo (mawonekedwe) omwe ambiri amawasamalira. Nyenyezi yathuyi imakhala nyenyezi, koma zomera zimangokhala zothandizira.

Zomera zomwe zasankhidwa kuti zithandizire zolembazo mwachizolowezi zakhala ziri zosavuta kugwira nawo ntchito.

Chomera chimodzi chomwe chimagwirizana ndi kachitidwe kake kajimu ndi boxwood ( Buxus ). Zitsamba za Boxwood zikhoza kuumbidwa mosavuta kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi mtundu uliwonse womwe timafuna kuwapatsa, kukhala bwalo, mzere wolunjika, ndi zina zotero. M'minda yambiri m'minda yambiri yokonzedwa ndi yosungidwa boxwood mipanda ingakhale munda wonse . Sizithupi zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa mitundu yosiyana, komanso maluwa sapanga udindo wapakati.

Aroma, aphunzitsi ogwira ntchito a Agiriki, atisiyira ife m'mabuku awo chitsanzo choyambirira cha ntchitoyi ya mabokosi a boxwood kuti athandize mgwirizano pa zovuta zachilengedwe. Chitsanzochi chimaperekedwa ndi Pliny Wamng'ono (General Letters, Part VII, Letter LII, To Domitius Apollinaris ), pofotokoza za munda wokongola wa mwini wake ku Tuscany. Pliny amalankhula za zowonongeka zamatabwa a woodwood omwe amadziwika bwino kuti azigawidwa pamagulu a malowo mwachindunji. Kuonjezera apo, bokosilo linapangidwira m'mayendedwe opanga zojambula zojambula zinyama, kuonjezeranso kuti akugonjetsa zachirengedwe (kutembenuzira chomera kukhala chinyama , momwemo).

Pamene Europe inasintha kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa Aroma kufikira nyengo ya zaka zapakati, chuma, luso ndi luso zomwe zinali zoyenera ku nyumba monga Pliny anali kufuna. Koma zojambulazo zomangamanga zinkapangidwira ngati mawonekedwe a munda wamaluwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yamapiri yam'katikati. Renaissance Italy inabweretsanso malo okongola kwambiri, ndipo ulamuliro wa Louis XIV unayang'ana ku munda wa French wa ku Versailles, womwe mwina ndi waukulu kwambiri pamasewerawa.

Kirk Johnson afotokozera momwe kalembedwe kawonekedwe kamene kanali kofananirana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 zachinyumba chachingelezi ku England (ngakhale kuti zigawo ziwirizo zinagwirizana ndi kukonda nsalu zobiriwira zomwe zinatheka ndi udzu). Johnson akunena wolemba ndakatulo wa Chingerezi, Alexander Pope monga wothandizira kuti azitha kupanga zojambula.

"M'nkhani yonena za munda wa Guardian (1713), iye [Papa] analimbikitsa kubwerera ku 'kumveka bwino kwa chikhalidwe chosadetsedwa' mmalo mwa munda wamaluwa," analemba Johnson. "Ndipo mu kalata yake kwa Burlington iye adalengeza zomwe zikanakhala lamulo lachikhadali la chikhalidwe cha Chingerezi," Johnson akupitiriza, kutchulapo pulezidenti wapamwamba wa Papa: "Mulimonse, lolani chilengedwe chisayiwale konse .... Pempherani malingaliro a malo ".

Chinyumba cha English Cottage Gardens

Koma wina angatsutse kuti, mwa njira yake, kayendetsedwe ka munda wamaluwa, nayenso anali ndi vuto linalake. Ndichifukwa chake, m'maganizo a ena, mphindi yochepa ya Chingerezi chopandukira zochitika zojambula bwino ndizo kusinthika kwa minda yachinyumba cha England. Kuyambika kwa kuwukira kwa Chingerezi mu nthawi ya Papa kunalimbikitsidwa kwina kuchokera kumalo okonda zolemba ndi zojambulajambula. Uku kunali kayendetsedwe kotsutsana ndi Classicism ndi kuyamikira kwake kulangiza, kulangiza, ndi kudziletsa. M'munda wapangidwe chikoka cha Chiroma chimamasuliridwa kuti chigwiritse ntchito kugwiritsira ntchito zomera kutilimbikitsa ife m'maganizo m'malo mwa nzeru. Ndi chithumwa chake chachilendo ndi aura yachikondi, kalembedwe kameneka kamangoganizira mbiri yake.

Romanticism sanaganizire kokha pamaganizo, komabe anaikapo nyamayi osadulidwa mpaka pano. Ndipo poyamba anali amphawi omwe adalima ndi kusunga minda yachinyumba cha Chingerezi. Iwo anali atachita kale izo zisanayambe kuyenda bwino ndi magulu olemera kwambiri. Malo enieni a Chingerezi a nyumba ya anthu odyetserako ziweto anali othandiza, komanso okondweretsa kwambiri. Momwemo zitsamba zinali zowonongeka, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pofuna mankhwala ndi zophikira. Mitengo ya zipatso, nthawi zambiri imakhala pakati pa zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zazing'ono .

Koma atatha minda yachinyumba ya Chingerezi yomwe inagwidwa kunja kwa mabungwe ozungulira (ndi kunja kwa England, nayonso), maonekedwe awo okongola ankamvetsera kwambiri. Imodzi mwa minda yodziwika bwino ya minda yanyumba inali yopangidwa ndi wina aliyense kupatulapo wojambula wa French Impressionist, Claude Monet (1840-1926). Monga tanenera kale, luso ndi zolemba zimakhudza mbiri ya munda wamaluwa ku Ulaya. Palibe chilango chimene chinakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a munda kusiyana ndi malo ojambula. Zinali zochitika za "moyo kutsanzira luso," ngati mutero. Monet ndi nkhani yosangalatsa kwambiri, osati katswiri wojambula zithunzi zokha komanso munthu wina amene ankagwira ntchito m'munda. Ndili ndi Monet, mphamvuyo inkayenda zonse.

Nyumba zachinyumba za Chingerezi, ndi zinyama zowonongeka, maluwa osatha, munda wamphesa wamphesa, ndi zomera zikugwera pamwamba pa miyala ya miyala , imayendetsedwa kwambiri ku US Izi ndizosavuta kuti zikhale ndi mtima wodalirika. Diso limakondwera pa mthunzi wosiyana wa zomera, imagawidwa m'njira yooneka ngati yopanda phokoso, ikuwombera malingaliro a "chilengedwe chachilengedwe." Zomera zokha ndizofunikira kwambiri monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pazochitika zonse, ndipo zakutchire zimatanthauzidwa kuti azigwirizana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe.

Koma ngakhale minda yachinyumba ya Chingerezi ndi yotchuka m'madera ena a ku America, sipakayikira kuti udzu ndiwo chinthu chofunika kwambiri ku malo a ku America.

Edwin Budding ndi Mbiri ya American Lawn

Kuwonekera kwa zimphona ziwiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa pokambirana za mbiri ya udzu ku America. Mayina awo ndi Frederick Law Olmsted ndi Edwin Budding. Olmsted amadziwika bwino kwambiri, koma Budding amakhala ndi malo apaderadera m'mbiri ya udzu wa udzu, ndipo, motero, momwe maluwa amapangira ku America. Chifukwa cha chikondi pakati pa Amereka ndi udzu wawo, mowers ankagwira ntchito yofunikira matchmaker.

Monga David Quammen akunena mosasamala kuti "Kukonza Udzu," mbiri yakale kumbuyo kwa udzu wa America ndi wovuta kuposa momwe wina angaganizire. Ku mbali imodzi, pali mbali ya demokalase. Pamene Olmsted, yemwe anali mkonzi wa ku America, yemwe adachita upainiya, adaika mtsinje wa Chicago mumzinda wa Chicago mu 1869, udzu wotseguka, wotsekemera, unagwirizanitsa nyumba za anthu pamodzi ndi chinthu china chomwe chimagwirizanitsa anthu. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, mphamvu yotsutsana inali kuntchito.

Mu 1830 Edwin Budding anali atapanga chida chachitsulo chosungira udzu . Kunali mdima wa mbiri ya udzu wa udzu, ndipo nyama yodyera udzu ikupitirizabe kusintha mpaka lero. Zisanayambe izi, anthu olemekezeka okha ndiwo angakhale ndi udzu, choncho udzu sunkapezekapo. Pamene wokhoma udzu unabwera, anthu ogwira ntchito pamsewu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wokhala ndi udzu pawokha, motero kukweza udindo wawo (mpaka aliyense atachita zomwezo, ndiye). Chifukwa chake, ndizomveka kunena kuti udzu wa ku America uli ndi zida zonse zademokrasi ndi zokonda.

Komabe, munthu wina akukayikira kuti pali chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri kumbuyo kwa America ndi kutchera ndi udzu kusiyana ndi momwe zilili ndi zochitika zakalezi. Apanso, chilakolako chathu chofuna kukakamiza chilengedwe chathu chidzawoneka kuti ndicho chomwe chimayambitsa chisomo cha udzu. Mofanana ndi zitsanzo za malo okonzedweratu omwe adakambidwa kale, udzu umatanthawuzira kusonyeza kuti munthu yemwe ali nacho, osati zomera, ndiye mwiniwake. Ndi mawonekedwe okhutira mobwerezabwereza. Inde, tsamba la udzu liri pafupi kwambiri monga momwe dzikoli limakhalira, kotero sipangakhale mwayi wambiri wa zigawozi mu dongosolo ili kubapo masewerowa pokhapokha ngati dongosolo lonseli. Mosiyana ndi masewera a kanyumba kamodzi omwe tawafotokozera kale, udzu umayimira lamulo la malamulo ndi chifukwa. Ndipo timagwedeza mphuno pa chilengedwe poyendetsa kunja pakhomo, kutulutsa chophimba chobiriwira chomwe chidzatiloleza kusinthana momasuka pakati pa kunja ndi mkati popanda kutsuka dothi m'nyumba.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, udzu ndi malo ena okhala ndi zokhutiritsa zokwanira, koma zosavuta. Ndi yankho la munthu wosauka ku munda wamaluwa wokhala ndi mzere wabwino wa boxwood-wall. Kodi chitsamba chosamalidwa bwino chiyenera kuimira chiyani, pambuyo pake, ngati si ndege yopanda malire? Palibe yemwe akanadzitamandira chifukwa cha udzu womwe udzu wake unali wamtalika masentimita asanu mbali imodzi ya msewu ndi mainchesi awiri pa chimzake. Mfundo yonse kumbuyo kwa udzu, mwachidwi, ndiko kufanana kwake. Iyenera kukhala yunifolomu osati msinkhu wokha, komanso mndandanda ( palibe "namsongole" ) ndi mtundu. Zolondola kwambiri, zimakhala bwino.

Kodi ndi sukulu iti yamaganizo yomwe mumavomerezana nayo, yovomerezeka kapena yosadziwika? Ndipo kodi mumaganiza bwanji za ntchito yochera udzu? Kodi mukuganiza kuti mbiri yachitsulo yamakono imakhala nkhani yopitilirapo kapena nkhani ya chilombo chokwiya chimene simungafune kuyendayenda? Musanayambe kupanga zojambula, sizothandiza kokha kuti muyankhe mafunso awa, koma kuti muwone zifukwa za mayankho anu.

Zochitika Zachilengedwe ndi Zomwe Zimalingalira

Ngati mukuganiza za kusinthana kwadothi kuchokera ku udzu kupita ku malo osalongosoka, "masoka achilengedwe" (kapena zosiyana), ganizirani mosamala kuti sukulu yeniyeni yomwe mukuganiza mukulembera: yowonongeka kapena yosavomerezeka. Mwinanso mungazindikire kuti zomwe mukulakalaka zimatchedwa "malo osungirako zinthu." Kukhumudwitsa malo ndi okwera mtengo ndipo ndi ntchito yambiri. Musanayambe, mukufuna kukhala otsimikiza kuti mawonekedwe atsopano adzasonyeza kuti mumakhulupirira kwambiri zomwe mukuwerengazo komanso zidzakuthandizani pazomwe mukuchita. Ngati kufunika kochepetsetsa ndikumodzi, mumalingalire kuchepetsa.

Zotchulidwazo zimayikidwa pozungulira "zachilengedwe" kuti zisonyeze kuti, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amamva, mawuwa akhoza kunyenga. Pali ntchito ina yogwira ntchito yokonza bwino, koma yowoneka mwachilengedwe; sizibwera mwachibadwa. Ngati mukuyang'ana kuthetsa kusamalira bwalo (kapena kufika pafupi ndi cholinga chimenecho, osachepera), zomwe mukusowa ndizopangidwe zochepa , osati "malo a chilengedwe." Inde, ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "zachilengedwe" mwanjira ina, kusonyeza kuti simukugwira ntchito iliyonse , chabwino, momveka bwino, simukusowa malangizo operekedwa ndi izi, kapena webusaiti ina iliyonse.

Zomwe Zimaganizira Ngati Mukuganiza Kuchotsa Udzu Wanu Ndi Malo Osadziwika Kulenga:

1. Mfundo yoyamba yoyamba. Ngati malo anu akhoza kuyika msika wamalonda nthawi ina posachedwa, zingakhale bwino kuti musamangidwe ndi udzu ndi zowonongeka kwambiri, monga malo odyetsera maziko . Kawirikawiri, ogula omwe angathe kukhalapo angapite kukonzekera kuti apange zochitika zenizeni kuposa "zachilengedwe."
   
2. Ngati cholinga chanu cha kusintha ndikuyandikira zachilengedwe, onetsetsani kuti ichi ndi chikhulupiliro chanu komanso kuti simukungowonjezera fad. Kumbukirani, "kukakamiza chilengedwe chathu" sikuli koipa. Tidzakhalabe m'mapanga ngati makolo athu adaganiza choncho. Kulankhulana kwafilosofi, zikhoza kutsutsananso kuti zochepetsetsa, komanso, zimakufikitsani pafupi ndi chilengedwe.
   
3. Ngati cholinga chanu chasintha ndikusunga pakhomo la ntchito, mudzayenera kupanga malingaliro anu ndikusankha kusankha mosamala kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chomwecho. Mwachindunji, zomwe mufunikira ndizochepetsedwa (onani m'munsimu), zomwe sizikukhutitsani inu mwachidwi. Malo osungirako munda amatha kukhala ndi "malo a chilengedwe," koma sizing'onozing'ono zokha: Mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri mumunda wamatabwa monga udzu (makamaka pamene mukukonzekera). Ngati mumasuka ndi udzu womwe suli wangwiro, chisamaliro sichiyenera kudya nthawi yanu yambiri. Inde, wokondedwa weniweni wa minda yachinyumba adzafuna kuthera nthawi yambiri akugwira ntchito imodzi.

Kupanga Zojambula Zochepa ndi Kukhazikitsa Malo Osalongosoka Akumalo Opangidwa ndi Njira Ina:

1. Ngati kusunga nthawi pa kukonzanso ndikofunika kwambiri kwa inu, bet wanu wabwino ndi wopanga minimalist. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kupeza mtundu woyeretsa, wooneka bwino womwe umagwirizanitsidwa ndi mapangidwe okongoletsera pogwiritsa ntchito mowolowa manja mulching ndi hardscape pamasewera anu. M'malo mwazinga, gwiritsani ntchito makoma a miyala kuti mukwaniritse maonekedwe omwe mukufunikanso. Mangani malo osungirako matabwa kapena patio kuti mutenge malo omwe angafunikire kusungidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito zophimba pansi m'malo mwa udzu, ndipo gwirizanitsani zigawo za malo anu ndi njira zazikulu zamatabwa. Popanda kupereka nsembe yosasangalatsa, chopangidwa ndi zochepa kwambiri chimangoganizira zopeza zochepa (zomwe zimatanthauza kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa inu).
   
2. Taganizirani mmene chilengedwe chimakhudzira chisamaliro chanu. Ngakhale mutachotsa mankhwala a herbicides ndi feteleza kuchokera kuntchito yanu yosungirako udzu, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wodula mpweya. Anthu ochepa chabe ndi okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zothyola mitsempha kuti azidula udzu wazitali zazikulu, ngakhale kuti mvula yotentha ya gasi imakhala phokoso, yoopsa, komanso imachotsa kuipitsa. Njira ina, komabe, imayimilidwa ndi mitsinje yatsopano ya batri .
   
3. Bwanji ngati musasamalire "malo a chirengedwe" kapena kupanga minimalist? Ngati ziganizo zomwe takambiranazi zatsimikizirani kuti mumakonda masewera olimbitsa thupi, bwanji osapangitsanso mawu olimbikitsa a chikondi chanu chokonzekera bwino kuposa momwe mungathere ndi udzu? Kuwonjezera pa udzu, zitsamba zamaluwa . Kukonzekera kwa malo okhala ndi udzu wosungidwa bwino umene umakhala ndi mipando yowopsya ndikutanthauzira kulimbikitsa kwa zokonda zanu.