Mankhwala ochapa zovala afika kutali kwambiri kuchokera pamene sopo yoyamba ya sopo yopangidwa ndi mafuta a nyama ndi lye ankagulitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1700. Kuyamba kwa zowononga zokhazokha kumsika mzaka za m'ma 1950 zinapereka mwayi wosamalira nsalu. Koma ndi zaka za m'ma 1970 zomwe zinabweretsa njira yatsopano yoyeretsera, kutsitsa kwa michere yomwe imayambitsa "madontho".
Ndiwo mavitamini omwe amalekanitsa amuna ndi anyamata pankhani yotsuka zovala.
Ndinali ndi mwayi wokhala pansi ndi Dr. Chuck Crawford yemwe ali ndi zaka zambiri mu mafakitale ogulitsa zovala m'mafukufuku ndi chitukuko kuti akambirane zosakaniza ndi kusiyana kwa zotsukira zamasiku ano. Kufotokozera kwake kudzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa zomwe mukuwerenga pa label yanu ya detergent ndikuthandizani kusankha chodula chanu chotsuka.
Mafomu Atsopano
Wopanga mankhwala onse a detergent ali ndi zosakaniza zobisika ndi zosakaniza kuti apange mankhwala awo enieni. Zambiri mwazitsulozi zingapangidwe kuchokera ku zomera; zina zimapanga. Ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse ndi momwe zimagwirizanirana zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu yoyera ya detergent. Nazi zotsatira zake pafupifupi pafupifupi mankhwala onse ochapira zovala:
Alkalies:
Alkalies, chigawo chachikulu mwa mankhwala ochapa zovala, ndi salt zotsekemera.
Zimathandiza kuthetsa dothi ndi madontho kuchokera ku nsalu popanda kupukuta kwambiri. Mchere wosungunuka wa zitsulo zamchere monga potaziyamu kapena sodium ndizochotsa mafuta. Iwo amapanga emulsion wa mafuta olemera kapena olimba omwe amawongolera. The particles sizimasiyanitsa ndi madzi ndipo musabwezeretse pa nsalu.
Sopo yoyamba ndi opanga machenjezo ankagwiritsa ntchito phulusa la zomera kuti apange alkalis - maziko omwe amachitira ndi asidi kuti ayisinthe. Masiku ano amapangidwa ndi magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere kuti apange sodium hydroxide (NaOH) kapena caustic soda ndi potassium hydroxide (KOH) kapena potashi. Awa ndi amchere omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo ndi zotsegula.
Zinthu zamchere zimasiyanitsa mphamvu zawo ndi zoopsa zowonongeka kwambiri ndi kuvulala kwa mkati ngati zamezedwa. Mankhwala amphamvu angasokonezenso nsalu ndi kusiya zovala zowopsya.
- Mankhwala ofewa ndi soda (sodium bicarbonate)
- Ma alkali amodzi ndi ammonia, borax ndi trisodium phosphate (TSP)
- Ma alkali amphamvu ndi monga kutsuka soda (sodium carbonate) ndi lye (caustic soda).
Osachita Zochita Komanso Otsutsana ndi Operewera
Osachita chidwi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za kuchapa ndi kuyeretsa. Amathyola madontho ndikusungunula dothi m'madzi kuti athetseretu dothi pamwamba pomwe amachotsedwa. Ochita opaleshoni amafalitsa dothi lomwe nthawi zambiri silimasungunuka m'madzi.
Ziri ngati mafuta ndi vinyo wosasa saladi. Samasakanikirana pokhapokha atagwedezeka mwamphamvu mu botolo ndipo amasiyana mofulumira pambuyo pake.
N'chimodzimodzinso ndi kutsuka zovala. Anthu osadziwika bwino "amagwedeza" nthaka yomwe imakhala yosasungunuka m'madzi, imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta komanso imatha kuchotsedwa ndi madzi osamba.
M'magulu opanga mavitamini a anionic mutu wa molekyu amatsutsidwa molakwika. Mtundu uwu wa surfactant ndi wabwino kwambiri kuchotsa udothi wambiri ndi madontho pokhapokha mutakhala ndi madzi ovuta (madzi omwe ali odzaza ndi mchere monga calcium ndi magnesium). Mcherewo amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisagwire bwino ntchito. Mudzawona opaleshoni ya anionic yolembedwa monga: alkyl sulphatini, alkyl ethoxylate sulphatsi ndi sopo mu mndandandanda wazitsulo za detergent.
Ngati muli ndi madzi ovuta , mudzapeza bwino kutsuka zotsatira ndi munthu wosagwirizana ndi ionic. Mamolekyu ameneĊµa opangidwa ndi opaleshoni alibe magetsi. Mudzapeza awa opanga opaleshoni omwe amalembedwa monga ethers of alcohols on the label.
Mungawapeze iwo pamodzi ndi othandizira mavitamini kuti aziwathandiza ndikuwongolera.
Mitundu Yopangidwira M'magetsi Opaleshoni:
- alkyl sulfata
- alkyl ethoxylate sulfati
- Ethers ya mafuta oledzera
Zida Zogwira Ntchito Mu Nsalu Zokutsuka Mankhwala
- pH okonza kuti azitha kuyeza acids ndi zitsulo m'madzi
- opaka kuwala (bleach njira zina) kuti apange mawonekedwe a kuwala poyera kuwala kwa UV ndi kupereka chophimba cha buluu
- madzi okonza madzi kuti asamangidwe
- Sulayi yambiri ndi sopo kapena silicone kuti muteteze kupopera
- zodziletsa kuti zisawononge kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Mavitamini Achichepere M'kutsuka Mankhwala
Mavitamini akhoza kukhala achilengedwe kapena kusinthidwa mankhwala. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavitamini imalumikiza dothi lapadera ndipo chothandizira chimapangitsa nthaka kukhala mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono kuti asukidwe.
- protease - imayambitsa dothi lopangidwa ndi mapuloteni
- amylase - kuwononga nthaka yowonjezera kapena mavitamini
- pulogalamu yamagetsi - imaphwanya pansi pa thonje kuti atuluke dothi
- lipase - amadya mafuta a nthaka
- mannanase - amanyoza madontho odyetsera zakudya
- pectinase - kumachepetsera utoto wobala zipatso
Mavitamini mwachibadwa amathandiza - amathandiza mkate kuwonjezeka mofulumira ndikuwonjezera vinyo. Kuyamba kwa ma enzyme muzochapa zovala kunasintha kwambiri momwe timachitira zovala. Mavitamini amalola kuti tigwiritse ntchito kutentha kwa madzi otsika komanso kuchepa pang'ono kuti tithe kuchita zomwe tonse timafunikira ndikuzifuna - zovala zoyera. Kwa zaka zambiri, njira yeniyeni yokwaniritsira zovala zoyera zinali kugwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha komanso sopo zolimba.
Masiku ano, asayansi apanga mafakitale a zamalonda kapena "biotech yoyera", yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito maselo kapena mapangidwe a maselo a maselo kuti apange mavitamini othandiza kwambiri kuti azichapa zovala. Biotechnology yamakono imatha kupulumutsa dziko lapansi kufika pa matani 2.5 biliyoni a mpweya wa CO2 pachaka ndikuthandiza kumanga tsogolo losatha, malinga ndi lipoti la World Wildlife Fund,
Mafuta
- zonunkhira zimakhudza maganizo a ukhondo
Zojambulajambula kapena Zojambula M'kutsuka Mankhwala
Dyes akuwonjezeredwa ku zokometsetsa kuyitana kwa kasitomala.
Sagwira ntchito yoyeretsa. Ngati muli ndi khungu lopweteka, sankhani zotupa zopanda utoto chifukwa zingathe kukhumudwitsa.
Momwe Zingwe Zimagwirira Ntchito Poyeretsa Zovala
Kuti tipeze zotsatira zabwino kuchokera kumagetsi onse ochapa zovala, pali njira zitatu zamagetsi, mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusamba zovala.
Mankhwalawa ndi, ndithudi, ochapa zovala. Zosakaniza mu zovala zotsuka zosankhidwa zidzakhudza zotsatira zomaliza. Mankhwala osakaniza ochepa okha ali ndi michere yochepa kapena yopanda mphamvu. Mitundu yochepa ya mapuloteni omwe amalephera kuchepetsa mphamvu.
Mpweya wotentha umakhudza kutentha kwa madzi . Mankhwala oterewa amapangidwa kuti azigwira bwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana kutentha. Onetsetsani kuti muwerenge malangizo kuti musankhe mankhwala abwino omwe mumatsuka.
Mphamvu zamagetsi zimachokera ku washer kapena munthu wosamba m'manja .
Mmene Mungasankhire Choponderetsa Chabwino
Pali zambiri zosankha pa zovala zowatsuka m'madzi - madzi, ufa, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osakaniza. Mumasankha bwanji? Chosankha chabwino ndi chomwe chimagwirizana ndi zosowa za banja pokhudzana ndi zowonongeka pa dothi linalake, zokonda za kununkhira, mawonekedwe (ufa, madzi kapena mlingo umodzi) ndi mtengo.
Nazi momwe mungayambire. Onetsetsani kuti banja lanu lichapa zovala - matani osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa nthaka. Ngati zambiri za zovalazo zili zosavuta kwambiri, zimatha kupeza kuti mankhwala otsika mtengo komanso mankhwala abwino kwambiri ndi osowa. Ngati muli ndi nthaka yolemetsa, masewero olimbitsa thupi ndi fungo lambiri komanso zakudya zambiri / mafuta / madontho akunja; mukusowa chotseketsa ntchito yaikulu.
Kenaka, werengani malemba a detergent kapena muzipita pa intaneti kuti muwerenge zosakaniza. Ndikofunika kufufuza opanga mavitamini ndi mavitamini kuti achotse nthaka ndi madontho. Zosakaniza zotsika mtengo - malonda ogulitsa - ali ndi zigawo zochepazi ndipo sangathe kuyeretsanso. Mungapeze kuti kukhala ndi njira ziwiri pazitsulo zanu zotsamba zidzakuthandizani zosowa zanu - chovala chimodzi chovala chodetsedwa komanso chovala chodetsedwa kwambiri.
Ngakhale kuti madzi ambiri ozizira amatha kugwira ntchito m'madzi ozizira, ndi bwino kusankhapo madzi omwe ozizira ngati mukufuna kukonza madzi ozizira okha.
Mukutha tsopano kupeza zamadzimadzi ndi zofufumitsa mumayendedwe amadzimadzi kapena opanikizana. Ngakhale ataphatikizidwa muzithunzi zochepa, amapereka mphamvu yomweyo yoyeretsera monga anzawo akuluakulu osagwirizana. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito, tsatirani malembawo ndipo mugwiritse ntchito kapu yoyezera. Zakudyazi zimangokhala ndi madzi owonjezera kapena zowonjezera zomwe zimachotsedwa kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zosavuta kutumiza ndi kusunga. Mapepala amodzi omwe ali ndi mapepala ndi ma pods amadziwika kwambiri ndipo angakupulumutseni ndalama mwa kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.
Anthu ambiri anasankha chotsuka chochapa zovala pogwiritsa ntchito fungo. Ingokumbukirani kuti "kununkhira koyera" sikuli kofanana ndi kukhala woyera. Onetsetsani kuti dothi likuchotsedwa ndipo sikuti limangotenthedwa ndi mafuta onunkhira.