Iron ndi chitsulo chosungunuka / siliva chomwe chakhalapo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Zilipo zambiri, zolimba komanso zosavuta kugwira ntchito pamene zimagwidwa ndi madzi kapena zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipangizo. Chinthu chachikulu kwambiri cha Iron ndichoti chimatha kutentha kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa izi, chitsulo kapena chitsulo zingagwirizanitsidwe ndi zitsulo zopaka kapena zojambula.
Mbiri Yachidule Yopanga Mkuwa
Chitsulo ndichinayi chochuluka kwambiri ndipo chimapanga zoposa 5 peresenti ya kutsika kwa dziko lapansi.
Lilipo mwachibadwa mu chitsulo (nthawi zina amatchedwa ironstone). Popeza chitsulo chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mpweya, chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi okusayidi wa chitsulo; imakhalanso ndi zinthu zina monga silicon, sulfure, manganese, ndi phosphorous.
Smelting ndi njira yomwe chitsulo chimachokera ku chitsulo chachitsulo. Pamene chitsulo chimatenthedwa pamoto wamakala, chitsulo chachitsulo chimayamba kutulutsa oksijeni, chomwe chimaphatikizapo ndi carbon monoxide kupanga carbon dioxide. Kodi ndi mtundu wanji wa spongy, massous wa chitsulo chosasunthika, chophatikizidwa ndi mabala amakala ndi zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimamasulidwa kuchokera ku chimbudzi, chotchedwa slag. Mapangidwe a chitsulocho anali ofanana ndi akale oyambirira omwe anapeza: iwo amachotsa muluwu wochokera mu ng'anjo ndi kuupaka pamtambo kuti awutulutse ndi kuwapaka ndi kuwagwiritsira ntchito. Njirayi idadziwika kuti inali yowonjezera. Chitsulo chogwiritsidwa ntchito chinali ndi .02 mpaka 0,08 peresenti ya carbon (yotengedwa kuchokera pamakala) - mokwanira kuti chitsulocho chikhale cholimba komanso chosasunthika.
Chitsulo chosakanizidwa chinali chitsulo chomwe chimapezeka kwambiri kudzera mu Iron Age. Pakati pa kutentha kwambiri, kusintha kwakukulu kumachitika: chitsulo chimatulutsa mpweya ndikuyamba kusungunuka, chifukwa mpweya wochuluka umatsika kwambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi zitsulo zotani, zomwe zili ndi 3 mpaka 4.5 peresenti ya carbon.
Mpweya waukulu wa kaboni umapangitsa chitsulo kukhala cholimba komanso chowopsya; mwina akhoza kupasula kapena kusokoneza ngati agwetsedwa kapena kugunda mwamphamvu, ndipo sangagwiritsidwe ntchito (kutanthauza kuti, kutenthedwa ndi kupangidwe ndi nyundo) pa kutentha kulikonse.
Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Ages, akatswiri a zitsulo a ku Ulaya ankagwira ntchito ndi zitsulo zamtundu wamtali, zomwe zinkawotcha mpweya, kupyolera m'magazi, kutuluka ndi magetsi. Chitsulo chosungunuka chikanangoyenda molunjika kuchokera kumunsi kwa ng'anjo yotentha kupita mumtsinje wa mchenga umene unadyetsa zida zing'onozing'ono zowonongeka. Kukonzekera kumeneku kunkawoneka ngati nkhumba kuyamwitsa ana ake a nkhumba, ndipo kutentha kwachitsulo kotereku kunkadziwika ngati nkhuni ya nkhumba. Chitsulo chikhoza kuponyedwa mwachindunji kumalo osungunuka ndi ng'anjo ya nkhumba kuti apange zitsulo zachitsulo, miphika, mapeyala, zopsetsa moto, zikhomo, mipira yachitsulo kapena mabelu ("kuponya" amatanthawuza kutsanulira mu nkhungu). Kutayidwa kumatchedwanso kukhazikitsidwa ndipo kwachitidwa-inu mumaganiza-mu muyambira.
Ndondomeko Yowonongeka
Kuwombera ndi njira yothetsera chitsulo chachitsulo kukhala chitsulo chosungunuka pochiwotcha kuti chizitenthe ndipo nthawi zambiri chimayaka m'ng'anjo pambali pa zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito. Anakhazikitsidwa ndi Henry Cort mu 1784 (kukweza njira yabwino), ndiyo njira yoyamba yomwe inathandiza kuti chitsulo chikhale chopangidwa pamlingo waukulu.
Kodi Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Iron ndi Steel ndi Chiyani?
Kwenikweni, chitsulo ndi chitsulo chomwe chakhala chovuta ndi carbon dioxide. Kukula ndi kupanga zitsulo m'zaka za m'ma 1800 zinapangitsa kuti mipando yonseyi ikhale yotsekedwa.
Kodi Ndingadziwe Bwanji Ngati Zapangidwa ndi Zitsulo Ndiponso Zosakanizidwa?
Funso labwino. Poyambira, chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chimakhala cholemera kwambiri. Chitsulo chosungunuka chimakhala chopepuka ndipo chimapangika kwambiri. Zimatha kuchita zambiri chifukwa cha kuchepa kwake. Chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chofewa kuti chigwedeze kapena kupindika. Chitsulo chosungunuka ndi chophweka komanso chosasuntha, pamene chitsulo chimagwedezeka m'malo mopuma. Kupanga chitsulo kumakhala kosavuta kumangapo kuposa chitsulo choponyedwa.
Anapanga Zinyumba Zapamwamba Zapamwamba
Zitsanzo za mipando ya kumunda ya mzaka za m'ma 1800 zopangidwa ndi zipangizo zachitsulo zimapezeka mu Antiques From the Garden ndi Alistair Morris (Garden Art Press; 1996) *.
Ambiri anali mabenchi okhala ndi mipando yowonongeka, ena ndi mawendo a paw ndi maulendo, omwe nthawi zambiri anali ovuta, otsekemera kapena otsalira kumbuyo monga mafano monga Regency (osati Hollywood Regency, yomwe inatsatira zaka zopitirira zana), Sheraton ndi French. Anthu oyambirira a zaka za m'ma 1800 anapanga mipando yachitsulo yachitsulo kuphatikizapo Brown & Freet, Stourbridge; Barnard Bishop & Barnards ndi Norwich Iron Works.
Midcentury Anagwiritsa Ntchito Iron Iron Renaissance
Monga nyumba ndi pafupifupi china chirichonse, kufunika kwa malo osungira katundu wa patio pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, pamene asilikali obwerera kwawo anakwatira, adayambitsa mabanja ndikugula nyumba m'midzi. Zonsezi zinali mbali ya New American Dream. Zipangizo zopangira mipanda yachitsulo zochokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi Woodard, Salterini, Homecrest, Brown Jordan ndi Tropitone.
Kotero, Kodi Iron Iron Ndi Chiyani?
Mwinamwake mwapeza zolemba za "ndodo yachitsulo" komanso "zitsulo zowola" pakhomo pogona pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito malo monga eBay ndi Craigslist kuti mupange mipesa yamaluwa. Palibe chinthu ngati ndodo yachitsulo. Kapena chitsulo chovunda. Zoona, mukhoza kugwetsa ndodo yachitsulo ndi kupotoza ndi kuikamo mipando, koma si zomwe tikukamba apa. Ndipo kuvunda bwino, kodi mukufuna kuti chirichonse chivunda pa patio yanu kapena pabwalo lanu?