Zoona zowonongeka kwa dothi ndi nthaka
Nthaka pansi pa mapazi anu ndi ofunikira kuti pakhale moyo pa Dziko Lapansi, komabe nthaka imakhalabe chinsinsi chathunthu kwa anthu ambiri.
Kodi nthaka ndi chiyani? Yankho ndi lovuta kwambiri kuposa momwe mungaganizire. Nthaka sikuti imangokhala yofiira. Ndi wamoyo, ndikupuma ndipo - musanaikidwe mmenemo - muyenera kuti mudziwe zambiri za izo.
Koma kupeza zoona pa nthaka sikungokhala ntchito yophunzitsira: Chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa dothi, dothi likutha ponseponse ponseponse padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo sikunasinthidwe.
Popanda izo, moyo padziko lapansili udzakhala wosatheka.
Zoona pa Nthaka
Dothi ndilokusakaniza kwakukulu kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zinayi: madzi, mpweya, miyala ya granular ndi miyala, ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhala bwino m'nthaka, komanso matupi awo otha.
Miyala yosweka ndi yowonongeka ndi dothi kumalo ena a dera lina nthawi zina amatchedwa dothi la "zinthu zakuthupi." Zomwe kholo la nthaka limapanga zimathandiza kudziwa momwe acidic kapena zamchere zimayambira (kutchedwa pH).
Izi zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri pa ulimi ndi ulimi, chifukwa zomera zina (azaleas ndi rhododendrons, mwachitsanzo) zimakonda nthaka yamchere, pamene ena (mwachitsanzo, yamatcheri ndi mapulo) amafunikira nthaka yambiri yamchere.
Mchenga, Silt, Clay ndi Humus
Asayansi akamba za nthaka, nthawi zambiri amatchula "mbiri ya nthaka" kapena "mndandanda," mtundu wa nthaka womwe uli ngati dera linalake.
Mitengo ya nthaka ikufotokozedwa ndi nthaka yawo, kapena zigawo zake: Malo okwera kwambiri a nthaka amadziwika pamwamba ndipo ali ndi zomera zamoyo ndi zinthu zomwe sizinasinthe.
Zowonongeka za nthaka (zikhoza kukhala zingapo m'madera amodzi a dothi) zomwe zimakhala zowuma komanso zowala kwambiri kusiyana ndi zosanjikiza; Zozama kwambiri zimakhalanso ndi zochepa zomwe zimakhalapo kusiyana ndi zigawo zapamwamba.
Mndandanda wa dothi ndi madontho a nthaka amasiyana ndi mchenga, mchenga ndi dongo. Kuwonjezera pa miyala yambiri yamtengo wapatali, mchenga ndiwo njere yaikulu kwambiri yomwe imakhala mu nthaka; sizinthu tinthu tochepa. Clay ndi yofunika chifukwa imathandiza nthaka kusunga madzi ndi zakudya. Nthaka yomwe ili ndi mchenga wabwino, silt ndi dothi limatchedwa "loam," ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala nthaka yabwino kwambiri ya ulimi.
Humus ndizomwe zimayambira m'nthaka, ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri zowonjezera zomera. Humus imathandizanso madzi kusungira madzi ndi kuteteza matenda a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kompositi ndi gwero limodzi la humus, monga momwe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha tsamba lala labala, zomera zakufa ndi zinyama ndi zinyama za nyama.
Nthaka Ndi Amoyo
Mwina gawo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri la nthaka ndi zamoyo zake. Asayansi akungoyamba kumvetsa zovuta zazing'ono za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bowa, nematodes, nthata, tizilombo ndi nyama zina zomwe zingakhalepo pokhapokha m'nthaka.
Magazini ya The New York Times inati: "Asayansi akugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito pazaka 10 zapitazo apeza kuti nyanja ya padziko lapansi ndi imodzi mwa malo osungirako zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Zili ndi pafupifupi magawo atatu mwa zamoyo zonse," inatero nyuzipepala ya New York Times. peresenti ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tazindikiritsidwa, ndipo maubwenzi pakati pa mitundu yambiri ya moyo [sakudziwitsidwa]. "
Tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tingathe kukhala ndi tizilombo tambirimbiri - kuphatikizapo mitundu 5,000 - kuphatikizapo masauzande a mitundu yamoyo, kuchokera ku mavairasi ndi protozoa mpaka kumalo otsekemera.
Ndipo zonsezi zikuopsezedwa.
Chifukwa Chakudya Chakudya Chachilengedwe Ndi Chofunika
Mwinamwake wolemba sayansi ya nthaka ndi wochirikiza nthaka lero ndi Ronald Amundson, wotsogolera wa Dipatimenti ya Environmental Science ku yunivesite ya California ku Berkeley.
M'chaka cha 2003, Amundson ndiye adatsogolera lipoti lonena za kutha kwa mitundu ya nthaka kudera la North America. Mapeto ake a gulu la kafukufuku anali osadziwika: Mitundu 31 ya nthaka idatha tsopano chifukwa malo omwe kale analipo atembenuzidwa kukhala malo aulimi kapena a m'midzi.
Zowonjezera 508 zowonongeka kwa nthaka zikupezeka ku United States m'madera osiyanasiyana.
"Zaka mazana awiri zapitazo, takhala tikugwirizananso mbali ya dziko lapansi mpaka momwe malo amasiku ano akudziwikiratu ndi chikhalidwe chawo," adatero Amundson. "Mipiri Yaikulu imadziwika ndi udzu wamtali ndi madera. Tsopano m'malo mwawo ndi malo ndi mathirakiti."
Ndipo kuwonongeka kwa dothi kungapangitse kusintha kwa nyengo: Kukumba nthaka yotulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide, zomwe zimapangitsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha m'mlengalenga. "Nthaka imakhala ndi kaboni yochulukirapo mofanana ndi zomera zonse padziko lapansi," adatero Amundson.
Zowopsya zina za nthaka zimaphatikizapo salin (kuwonjezeka kwa mchere), acidification ( kutsika pH ndi kuchepa kwa alkalinity ), kudula mitengo, kudula mitengo, ntchito yomangamanga ndi kuipitsa mankhwala kuchokera ku zitsulo zamtundu ndi ma radiation.
Uthenga wosungira nthaka ukuwonekera bwino: Ngati sitidayambe kusamalira bwino nthaka yathu, sikudzakhala kuti zitisamalire.