Zomera za nyukiliya zakhala zikuzungulira kuyambira mu 1951 pamene Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) ku Idaho anapanga magetsi okwanira kuti aunikire mababu anayi a 200-watt. Posakhalitsa, nyumba zatsopano za nyukiliya zinamangidwa ku United States, Canada, Soviet Union, ndi England.
Magetsi a nyukiliya amagwiritsa ntchito uranium - makamaka uranium 235 kapena plutonium 239 - kupanga mphamvu.
Uranium yowonongeka imapangidwa kukhala ndodo zazikulu zomwe zimamizidwa m'madzi; ndodo za uranium kutentha madzi, kupanga nthunzi, yomwe imayambitsa mpweya wotentha. Kuthamanga kwa mpweya wotentha ndimene kumapanga magetsi. Mphepo yamadzi yowoneka kuti imachokera ku nsanja zazikulu zozizira za magetsi a nyukiliya ndi mpweya wopanda vuto.
Pakalipano, pali zoposa 430 zowonjezera mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zoposa 100 ku United States. Popeza zomera zimalowa pa intaneti kapena kunja kwafupipafupi, nambala yeniyeni imasintha chaka chilichonse. Mphamvu ya nyukiliya imapereka pafupifupi 15 peresenti ya magetsi padziko lonse ndi pafupifupi 20 peresenti ya magetsi ku United States. France, Japan, ndi United States ndiwo omwe amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya, yopanga theka la mphamvu yonse ya nyukiliya yomwe ikupezeka padziko lonse lapansi.
Ubwino wa Mphamvu za Nyukiliya
Mphamvu za nyukiliya zimapanga magetsi bwino kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomera zowonjezera malasha.
Zimatengera mamiliyoni mazana matani a malasha kapena mafuta, mwachitsanzo, kuti apange mphamvu yopangira mphamvu ya tonani yokha ya uranium, malingaliro ena. Popeza kutentha kwa malasha ndi mafuta ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti magetsi apange kutentha, magetsi a nyukiliya sathandiza kuti kutentha kwa dziko ndi kusintha kwa nyengo zikhale ngati malasha kapena mafuta.
Akatswiri ena asonyeza kuti kupindula kwa uranium kudutsa pa dziko lapansi ndikopindulitsa kwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya. Palibe malo amodzi padziko lonse a migodi ya uranium - palibe "Mideast ya uranium" ilipo. Ambiri mwa mayiko omwe amachititsa uranium yanga, monga Australia, Canada, ndi United States, ali osasunthika, choncho chuma cha uranium sichingakhale chowopsya pa kusakhazikika kwa ndale kapena zachuma ngati mafuta.
Mu Nkhani ya Chigamulo cha Nyukiliya
Pamene zinthu zimagwira ntchito mofananamo momwe akufunira, mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi gwero labwino la mphamvu. Vuto liri, zinthu sizimagwira ntchito mwanjira imeneyi mudziko lenileni. Kusungunuka pang'ono pa Tro Mile Island ku Pennsylvania m'chaka cha 1979 kunatulutsa mpweya wozungulira m'mlengalenga; kuyeretsa ndalama zinapitirira madola 900 miliyoni.
Mu 1986, chojambula chosokonekera chojambula pamagetsi a nyukiliya ku Chernobyl ku Soviet Union chinachititsa kuphulika kwa mbewu. Mafunde a nyukiliya anamasulidwa masiku angapo, motero panachitika tsoka lalikulu lomwe linapha mazana ambiri kudera lonseli. Mu 2011, malo opangira Fukushima ku Japan anagwedezeka ndi chivomerezi ndi tsunami, zomwe zinachititsa ngozi ina yaikulu ya chilengedwe.
Ngakhale zitsimikiziridwa za injini za nyukiliya ndi otsutsa mphamvu za nyukiliya, masoka onga awa ndi osadziwika bwino komanso ofala kwambiri, ndipo mosakayikira adzapitirizabe.
Mtengo wa mavutowa ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Chernobyl, pafupifupi anthu mamiliyoni asanu anali ndi ma radiation; Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse linanena kuti matenda okwana 4,000 a khansa ya chithokomiro anachitika, ndipo ana ambirimbiri m'derali anabadwa ndi zilema zambiri.
Ngati ngozi ya nyukiliya monga Fukushima iyenera kugunda United States, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zoopsa. Zida zinayi za nyukiliya ku California zili pafupi ndi zivomezi zoopsa za chivomezi. Mwachitsanzo, chomera cha nyukiliya cha Indian Point chili pamtunda wa makilomita 35 kumpoto kwa New York City, ndipo chiwerengero cha nyukiliya ndi Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Mawu Onena za Kutaya Nyukiliya
Vuto lina losatsutsika ndikutetezedwa bwino kwa magetsi a nyukiliya.
Zida zakuda za nyukiliya zimakhalabe zowonongeka kwa zaka makumi masauzande, kupitirira kukonzekera kwa bungwe lirilonse la boma. Chaka chilichonse, chomera champhamvu cha nyukiliya chimapanga matani pafupifupi 20 mpaka 30 a zinyalala zamagetsi. Ngakhale kumayiko apamwamba ngati United States, zonyansa za nyukiliya zikusungidwa pa malo osakhalitsa m'dziko lonse lapansi pamene azandale ndi asayansi amatsutsa njira yabwino kwambiri.
Ponena za zinyalala, ena otsutsa amanena kuti boma lalikulu likuthandizira malonda a nyukiliya kulandira ndicho chinthu chokha chimene chimapangitsa mphamvu ya nyukiliya kuthekera. Malinga ndi bungwe la Union of Concerned Scientists, madola 58 biliyoni omwe amalandira ngongole ndi ndalama zothandizira ngongole kuchokera ku boma la US kufupika ndi nyuzipepalayi. Potsutsana ndi okhometsa msonkho, amatsutsa kuti malonda onse akhoza kugwa chifukwa ndalama zowonjezera zimakhala zazikulu kusiyana ndi mtengo wamagetsi omwe amapanga.
Kodi mphamvu ya nyukiliya ingabweretsedwe?
Mu liwu: ayi. Mofanana ndi mafuta, gasi, ndi mafuta ena, uranium sizowonjezereka, ndipo pali uranium yoperewera yomwe ikhoza kuyendetsedwa ndi nyukiliya. Kuphika uranium kumakhala ndi zoopsa zake, kuphatikizapo kutulutsa mpweya wa radon wakupha komanso kutaya zowonongeka kwa migodi.
Mfundo yakuti mphamvu ya nyukiliya sichibwezeretsanso ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zowonjezereka monga mphamvu za dzuwa, kutentha kwa dzuwa, ndi mphepo zikuwoneka zokongola kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zovuta ndi zovuta za zosowa za mphamvu za dziko lapansi, ubwino ndi mantha a mphamvu ya nyukiliya idzapitirizabe kutentha kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.