Chilengedwe chachilengedwe chakhala chida champhamvu cha nkhondo kuyambira pamene thanthwe loyamba linaponyedwa ndi munthu woyamba kumanga mphanga. Ankhondo a Roma wakale ndi Asuri, kuti awonetsere kuti adani awo adzalanda dziko lonse lapansi, akuti adabzala mchere m'munda wa adani awo, kuchititsa nthaka kukhala yopanda ntchito kwa ulimi - kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyambitsidwa ndi asilikali, komanso zotsatira zake zowonongeka kwambiri wa nkhondo.
Koma mbiri imaperekanso maphunziro mu nkhondo zovuta. Baibulo, mu Deuteronomo 20:19, limapereka dzanja la msilikali kuti achepetse mphamvu ya nkhondo pa chilengedwe ndi amuna ofanana:
Mukazungulira mudzi wautali nthawi yaitali, kuti muuthire nkhondo, kuti muigwire; musadye mitengo yake, ndi kuigwedeza nkhwangwa; kuti mudye kwa iwo, ndipo musawadule. Pakuti mtengo wa kuthengo ndi munthu, kuti uzingidwe ndi iwe?
Nkhondo ndi Chilengedwe: Ife takhala ndi Lucky kwambiri
Nkhondo yapangidwa mosiyana lerolino, ndithudi, ndipo yayamba kuchuluka kwa zochitika zachilengedwe zomwe zimatenga nthawi yayitali. Carl Bruch, yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wa mapulogalamu apadziko lonse ku Environmental Law Institute ku Washington, DC, anati: "Lusoli lasintha, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri."
Bruch, yemwenso ndi mlembi wothandizira a Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives , amanenanso kuti nkhondo zamakono, zachilengedwe ndi nyukiliya zamakono zimatha kuwononga chilengedwe chosadziwika kuti, mwatsoka, sitinawone - komabe.
Bruch anati.
Koma nthawi zina, zida zomveka bwino ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi kumatha kuteteza chilengedwe pogwiritsa ntchito malo ofunikira, ndikusiya malo ena osasokonekera. Geoffrey Dabelko, yemwe ndi mkulu wa Environmental Change and Security Programme ku Woodrow Wilson Center of akatswiri a Washington, DC, anati: "Mungathe kukangana kuti zida zimenezi zingathe kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa ndalama."
Ndiwo: Zotsatira za Nkhondo Lerolino
Nkhondo lerolino imapezeka nthawi zambiri pakati pa mayiko odziimira; Nthawi zambiri, nkhondo zimatha pakati pa magulu otsutsana pakati pa fuko. Malinga ndi Bruch, zigawenga zapachiŵeniŵeni zapachiweniwenizi, nthawi zambiri sizingatheke mgwirizano wa mayiko ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. "Kulimbana kwa mkati kumayesedwa ngati nkhani ya ulamuliro - chinthu chamkati," adatero. Chifukwa chake, kuonongeka kwa chilengedwe, monga kuphwanya ufulu waumunthu, kumachitika osasunthidwa ndi mabungwe akunja.
Ngakhale kuti zida zankhondo, nkhondo, komanso zida zankhondo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi dera komanso zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira za nkhondo pa chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimagwera m'magulu akuluakulu otsatirawa:
Chiwonongeko Chakukhalamo: Mwinamwake chitsanzo cholemekezeka kwambiri cha malo owonongeka kuchitika pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam pamene asilikali a United States anakhetsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga Agent Orange m'nkhalango ndi mitsinje ya mangrove yomwe inapereka asilikali kwa asilikali achigawenga. Ankagwiritsa ntchito herbicide mamiliyoni 20 miliyoni, akuwononga pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni maekala m'midzi. Madera ena sali kuyembekezera kuti adzachire kwa zaka zingapo.
Othaŵa kwawo: Pamene nkhondo imayambitsa kayendetsedwe kake ka anthu, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoopsa.
Kusaka mitengo, kusaka kosasaka, kuphulika kwa nthaka ndi kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi madzi ndi zonyansa za anthu zimachitika pamene zikwi za anthu zikakamizidwa kukakhala kumalo atsopano. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Rwanda mu 1994, malo ambiri a Phiri la Akagera adatseguka kwa othawa kwawo; Zotsatira zake, zinyama zakutchire zinkakhala ngati nyongolotsi yamphongo komanso zinyama zowonongeka.
Mitundu Yosavuta: Sitima za nkhondo, ndege zamagalimoto, ndi magalimoto nthawi zambiri zimanyamula zoposa asilikali ndi makina; Zomwe sizilombo ndi zinyama zimatha kukwera, kuzungulira madera atsopano ndi kuwononga mitundu ya chibadwidwe. Chilumba cha Laysan m'nyanja ya Pacific chinali kamodzi kokhala ndi zomera ndi zinyama zosawerengeka, koma kayendedwe ka nkhondo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse itatha, inayamba makoswe omwe anaphwanyaphwanya Laysan finch ndi railway la Laysan, komanso kubweretsa sandbur. chomera chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mbalame zinyama zimadalira malo okhala.
Zowonongeka Zikutha: Zina mwa zovuta zoyamba ndi zovuta kwambiri kuukirira pa nkhondo ndizo misewu, milatho, zothandiza ndi zina zowonongeka. Ngakhale izi sizikhala gawo la chilengedwe, chiwonongeko cha zomera zowononga madzi, mwachitsanzo, zimayipitsa kwambiri madzi a m'midzi. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990 nkhondo ku Croatia, zomera zopangira mankhwala zinkaponyedwa mabomba; chifukwa chithandizo cha mankhwala cha kutayika kwa mankhwala sichinagwire ntchito, poizoni anatsika kumtunda sanatsekeke mpaka nkhondoyo itatha.
Kupanga Kwachangu: Ngakhale m'madera omwe sakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi nkhondo, kuchulukanso kwapangidwe kuntchito, ulimi ndi mafakitale ena omwe amachirikiza nkhondo angathe kuwononga chilengedwe. Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, malo omwe kale anali a ku United States adalima tirigu, thonje ndi mbewu zina, pomwe mitengo yayikuluyo inali yodulidwa bwino kuti ikwaniritse zofuna za mtengo. Mitengo ku Liberia, mafuta ku Sudan ndi diamondi ku Sierra Leone amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi magulu ankhondo. Bruch anati: "Izi zimapereka misonkho yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugula zida.
Zochita zapadziko lapansi zowonongeka: Kuwonongedwa kwa dziko lakwawo ndi nthawi yolemekezeka, ngakhale yoopsya, mwambo wamkhondo. Mawu akuti "kutentha dziko lapansi" poyamba adagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mbewu ndi nyumba zomwe zingathe kudyetsa ndi kubisala mdani, koma tsopano zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira iliyonse yowonongeka. Kuti awononge magulu ankhondo achijapani omwe anaukira pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya Sino-Japan (1937-1945), akuluakulu a dziko la China adalimbikitsa mtsinje wa Yellow, kupha asilikali ambiri a ku Japan, komanso anthu ambirimbiri a ku China, ndipo adasefukira mamiriyoni ambirimbiri .
Kusaka ndi Kusokoneza: Ngati ankhondo akudumpha m'mimba, monga akuti nthawi zambiri, kudyetsa ankhondo nthawi zambiri kumafuna kusaka nyama zakutchire, makamaka ziweto zazikulu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabereka. Pa nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku Sudan, opha nyama kufunafuna nyama ya asilikali ndi anthu wamba amachititsa kuti nyama zinyama zizikhala ku Garamba National Park, kudutsa malire a Democratic Republic of Congo.
Panthawi inayake, nambala ya njovu inagwa kuchokera 22,000 mpaka 5,000, ndipo panali nkhanu zofiira zokha zokha zokha zomwe zinasiyidwa zamoyo.
Zamoyo, Zachilengedwe, ndi Zida za Nyukliya: Kupanga, kuyezetsa, kuyendetsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwambazi ndi mwinamwake kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yawo yakhala yochepa chabe chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Japan ndi asilikali a ku America kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, akatswiri a zankhondo akudandaula kwambiri za kuchuluka kwa zida za nyukiliya ndi mankhwala. Bruce anati: "Takhala odala kwambiri kuti sitinawone chiwonongeko chimene tingachione."
Ochita kafukufuku akunena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa uranium (DU) yomwe yatha posachedwapa monga njira imodzi yowopsa ya nkhondo. DU ndi njira yothandizira kulemera kwa uranium. Pafupipafupi mobwerezabwereza ngati wotsogolera , amayamikiridwa ndi zida kuti athe kulowa mkati mwa zida zankhondo ndi zida zina. Zida pafupifupi 320 za DU zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhondo ya Gulf mu 1991; Kuphatikiza pa kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka, akatswiri akuda nkhaŵa kuti asilikali ndi anthu amtundu wina akhoza kukhala akudziwika kuti ndi oopsa.
Mmene Mavuto Aderali Amatsogolera Nkhondo
Ngakhale zotsatira za nkhondo pachilengedwe zingakhale zoonekeratu, zosavuta kwenikweni ndi njira zomwe zowonongeka kwa chilengedwe zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano. Maiko m'mayiko osauka omwe ali osauka monga omwe ali ku Africa, Mideast, ndi Kumwera cha Kum'mawa kwa Asia akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo kuti apindule; ali ndi zochepa zina zomwe mungasankhe.
Bruch akufotokoza kuti pamene nkhondo yayamba, asilikali ndi anthu omwe akuzunguliridwa ayenera kupeza malo atsopano a chakudya, madzi, ndi malo ogona, kotero amakakamizika kusintha maganizo awo kuti athetse njira zothetsera mavuto, osati nthawi yayitali.
Kukhalitsa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu, ndikutsatiridwa ndi anthu omwe akusowa zosowa zawo, zomwe zimabweretsa kusokonezeka, zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano yambiri. "Imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri ndikutsutsa njirayi," adatero Bruch.
Kodi Nkhondo Ingateteze Chilengedwe?
Zikuwoneka ngati zotsutsana, koma ena amanena kuti mikangano ya nkhondo nthawi zambiri imatha kuteteza zachilengedwe. Jurgen Brauer, Ph.D., pulofesa wa zachuma ku Augusta State University ku Augusta, Ga. "Malo osungidwa kwambiri ku Korea ndi malo owonongeka chifukwa muli nawo kuchotsa ntchito za anthu. "
Akatswiri ena apeza kuti ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa ndi ochuluka kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam, nkhalango zambiri zawonongeka m'dzikoli kuyambira nkhondo itatha kuposa nthawi yomweyi, chifukwa cha malonda a mtendere ndi Vietnam kufunafuna chuma. Miyamba yakuda yamagetsi yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi moto wa Kuwaiti mu 1991 inapereka umboni wamphamvu kwambiri wa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Komabe, moto wamoto uwu unatenthedwa mwezi umodzi pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mafuta otentha ndi United States tsiku limodzi.
"Mtendere ukhoza kuvulaza, nanunso," anatero Dabelko. "Muli ndi zina mwazinthu zodabwitsazi."
Koma akatswiri akufulumira kutsindika kuti izi sizitsutsana ndi nkhondo. Brauer, amenenso ndi wolemba War ndi Nature: "Mavuto a Nkhondo ku Dziko Lachilendo ."
Ndipo Bruch akunena kuti nkhondo imachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito zamtendere ndi zamalonda. "Zimapereka mpumulo, koma zotsatira za nthawi yaitali za nkhondo siziri zosiyana ndi zomwe zikuchitika pansi pa chitukuko," adatero.
Kugonjetsa Mtendere
Pofuna kukonzekera zamasewera, zimawonekeratu kuti chilengedwe chikuthandiza kwambiri kuthetsa nkhondo, makamaka nkhondo itatha. "Kumapeto kwa tsikuli, ngati mukuyesera kukhala malo, mumakhala ndi chilimbikitso cholimba kuti musachiwononge," adatero Dabelko. Mawu a m'Baibulo omwe tanena kale kuchokera ku Deuteronomo okhudza kusunga mitengo ndi, mwinamwake, malangizo abwino kwa zaka zambiri.
Ndipo ankhondo ena akuphunzira kuti pali zambiri zomwe zingapindule poteteza zachilengedwe kusiyana ndi kuziwononga. Mu Mozambique yomwe inang'ambika ndi nkhondo, ogwira ntchito zankhondo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi ngati malo oteteza paki pofuna kuteteza nyama zakutchire ndi malo okhalamo omwe adafuna kuwononga.
"Mzindawu unamanga milatho pakati pa asilikali ndi paki." "Zolinga zachilengedwe zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri popereka ntchito ndi mwayi m'mabungwe omwe amatha kusagwirizana."