Mbiri ya Green Movement

Ngakhale kuti bungweli linayambira ku Ulaya, ambiri owona akutsimikizira kuti United States yakhala mtsogoleri wa dziko pa chilengedwe.

Ngati America, makamaka, ikuyenera kutamandidwa chifukwa chotsogolera gulu lobiriwira , nchiyani chinapangitsa kuti United States ikhale yopanda chilengedwe? Chifukwa chochokera kwa anthu othawa kwawo omwe anabwera kudziko la North America m'nthaŵi ya chikhalidwe komanso mbali ina ku kukongola kwachilengedwe kwa malo omwe anapeza atawoloka nyanja ya Atlantic.

Zaka Zoyambirira za Green Movement

Amereka, ndithudi, sanayambe kusuntha mtundu wobiriwira kuposa momwe anagwiritsira ntchito mitengo. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo zodziwika bwino zokhudzana ndi nkhalango, zodziwika bwino, zimadziwika ku Ulaya konse (makamaka Germany, France ndi England) kuyambira zaka zapakatikati. Kumidzi ya ku Asia inkapangitsa kuti nthaka isamalidwe chifukwa cha ulimi wamakono komanso njira zina zaulimi .

Wolemba mabuku wa Chingerezi, Thomas Malthus, mubuku lake lotchedwa An Essay pa Chikhalidwe cha Anthu , anadabwitsa kwambiri zaka za m'ma 1800 ku Ulaya pofotokoza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu kupitirira malire osatha kungawonongeko anthu ambiri chifukwa cha njala ndi / kapena matenda. Zolemba za Malthus 'zikanati zidziwitse zambiri za "kuphulika kwa anthu" pafupifupi 200 patapita zaka.

Koma pambuyo pa kulamulira kwa America ndi Aurose omwe olemba ndi akatswiri afilosofi anali ena mwa oyamba kufotokozera kuti chipululu chinali ndi mtengo wapatali womwe sungathe kuwathandiza anthu.

Pamene nsomba, malo osaka nyama, ndi mitengo ya matabwa zinali zofunika kwa chitukuko, owona masomphenya monga Ralph Waldo Emerson ndi Henry David Thoreau adalonjeza kuti "kuteteza dziko lapansi" (Thoreau). Chikhulupiliro chawo chakuti chilengedwe chiri ndi zinthu zauzimu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito anthu kuti apatse amuna awa ndi otsatira awo kuti "Transcendentalists."

Green Movement ndi Industrial Revolution

Zakale zoyambirira za m'ma 1800 ndi chikondwerero chake cha chilengedwe chafika nthawi yokha kuponderezedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa Industrial Revolution. Pamene nkhalango zinatayika pansi pa nkhwangwa zamatabwa zamtengo wapatali, malasha anayamba kukhala magwero otchuka. Kugwiritsa ntchito malasha osagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba ndi mafakitale kunayambitsa kuipitsa mpweya woipa m'midzi yomwe ili ku London, Philadelphia, ndi Paris.

M'zaka za m'ma 1850, munthu wina wotchuka dzina lake George Gale anamva za chimfine chachikulu cha California redwood chomwe chinali ndi zaka zoposa 600 pamene Yesu anabadwa. Ataona mtengo wokongolawo, atchulidwa dzina lakuti The Mother of the Forest, Gale analembera amuna kuti azidula mtengowo kuti makungwa ake aziwonekera pambali pake.

Zomwe anachita ku Gale akudandaula, komabe zinali zofulumira komanso zonyansa: "M'maganizo mwathu, zikuwoneka ngati nkhanza, kutayirira bwino, kudula mtengo wokongola kwambiri ... chomwe chikanakhala ndi munthu aliyense kuti ayambe lingaliro lotere ndi phiri ili la matabwa ?, "analemba mkonzi wina.

Kukula kwakukulu kuti malonda a anthu anali kuthetsa chipululu chosasunthika - ndi kuwononga thanzi laumunthu - chinachititsa kuti ayambe kuyesetsa kuyang'anira zachilengedwe.

Mu 1872, Park Park National Park inakhazikitsidwa, yoyamba mwa zomwe zinakhala imodzi mwa malingaliro abwino a America: gulu la malo okongola omwe sankalepheretsa kugwiritsira ntchito.

Conservation Movement Takes Root

Pamene kusintha kwa Industrial kwapitirira kuwononga chiwonongeko m'chipululu, kulira kwa mawu okweza kumveka. Ena mwa iwo anali John Muir , ndakatulo wamasomphenya wa American West ndi kukongola kwake kodabwitsa, ndi Theodore Roosevelt , yemwe anali wokonzanso mwakhama yemwe Muir anaganiza zopatula madera ambiri a chipululu kuti asungidwe.

Amuna ena, komabe anali ndi malingaliro osiyana phindu la chipululu. Gifford Pinchot , yemwe adaphunzira masamalidwe ku madera a ku Ulaya ndipo adakhala woimira masitima omwe adakonzedwa bwino, nthawiyake anali mgwirizano wa Muir ndi ena omwe ali m'gulu lozisamalira. Pamene Pinchot adapitiliza kudula mitengo yamitengo yambiri yamatabwa, komabe, iye adagonjetsedwa ndi iwo omwe amakhulupirira kufunika kokasunga chilengedwe, mosasamala kanthu za malonda ake.

Muir anali mmodzi mwa iwo amene adanyoza kuti Pinchot akuyang'anira madera a chipululu, ndipo chidwi cha Muir n'chosungidwa mosasamala ndi chisungidwe chomwe chinapangitsa kuti chikhale cholowa chachikulu cha Muir. Mu 1892, Muir ndi ena adalenga Sierra Club, kuti "achite zinthu zakutchire ndikupanga mapiri kukhala okondwa."

Mawonekedwe Oyamba a Green Green

M'zaka za m'ma 1900, gulu lachitetezo linaphimbidwa ndi zochitika monga Chisokonezo chachikulu ndi nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itangotha ​​- ndipo kusintha kofulumira kwa North America kuchoka ku ulimi wa ulimi kupita ku mafakitale kunali koyenda - kodi kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe masiku ano kanayamba.

Nkhondo za America pambuyo pa nkhondo pambuyo pake zinkayenda mofulumira. Zotsatira zake, ngakhale zodabwitsa m'kati mwake, zinawopsya ambiri chifukwa cha mavuto omwe adawavulaza. Kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya ku mayesero a atomiki, kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya komwe kumayambitsa makampani mamiliyoni ambiri ndi magetsi omwe akuwombera mitsinje m'mlengalenga, kuwonongedwa kwa mitsinje ndi nyanja zomwe zakhalapo kale (monga mtsinje wa Ohio wa Cuyahoga, umene unatentha moto chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nthaka) ndipo nkhalango zomwe zili pansi pa zinyumba za m'midzi zinali zodetsa nzika zambiri.

Mu mailstrom awa adakhala wamtendere, wasayansi komanso wolemba mabuku. Rachel Carson mu 1962 anafalitsa, kutsutsana kwakukulu koyesa kugwiritsira ntchito mopanda nzeru kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe anali kufafaniza mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, tizilombo, ndi zinyama zina. Buku lachidziwitso linapereka mawu kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America omwe adawona kuti chuma chawo chochokera ku chilengedwe chawo chikusowa pamaso pawo.

Pambuyo pofalitsidwa ndi Silent Spring ndi mabuku monga Paul Erlich's The Bomb Population , Democratic Presidents John F. Kennedy ndi Lyndon Johnson adagwirizananso ndi anthu ena ambiri aza ndale powonjezera chitetezo cha chilengedwe pamapulatifomu awo. Ngakhale Republican Richard Nixon anapitabe patsogolo kwambiri kuti athe kuwonetsa zachidziwitso ku chilengedwe. Sixon yekha adalenga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nayenso anasaina National Environmental Policy Act, kapena NEPA, yomwe inkafuna kuwonetsetsa zachilengedwe kumadera onse a federal.

Ndipo patsiku la Khirisimasi mu 1968, NASA mlengalenga William Anders, pamene akuzungulira mwezi ndi ntchito Apollo 8, anajambula chithunzi chomwe anthu ambiri amapereka pogwiritsa ntchito maziko a gulu la masiku ano. Chithunzi chake chikuwonetsa dziko lapansi laling'ono, labuluu lomwe likuyang'ana kutsogolo kwa Mwezi. (Onani pamwambapa) Chifaniziro cha dziko lapansi laling'ono, lokhalo m'nyanja yaikulu yamlengalenga, linasonyeza mabiliyoni akudutswa kwa dziko lathu lapansi ndi kufunika kosungira ndi kuteteza dziko lapansi.

Environmental Movement ndi Earth Day

Polimbikitsidwa ndi zionetsero ndi "kuphunzitsa-ins" zomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse m'ma 1960, Senator Gaylord Nelson adapempha mu 1969 kuti pakhale mawonetseredwe apadziko lonse m'malo mwa chilengedwe. Mu mawu a Nelson, "Kuyankha kunali magetsi. Motero anabadwa mwambo umene umadziwika kuti Earth Day .

Pa April 22, 1970, chikondwerero choyamba cha Tsiku la Padziko lapansi chinachitika pa tsiku lamtengo wapatali, ndipo chochitikacho chinali chopambana kwambiri. Madera mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America kupita ku gombe ankachita nawo maphwando, ma concerts, maulendo ndi zokondweretsa zoyenera kulandira cholowa cha United States ndi dziko lonse lapansi.

Mukulankhula tsiku limenelo, Nelson anati, "Cholinga chathu ndi malo abwino, khalidwe, ndi kulemekezana kwa zolengedwa zina zonse ndi zamoyo zonse." Tsiku la Dziko lapansi likukondwerera padziko lonse lapansi ndipo wakhala mwala wothandizira zachilengedwe kwa mibadwo iwiri ya ovomerezeka.

Environmental Movement ikulimbitsa

Mwezi ndi zaka zotsatira za tsiku loyamba la Dziko lapansi komanso kulengedwa kwa EPA, gulu lobiriwira, komanso chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chinali cholimbikitsidwa ku mabungwe apadera ndi apadziko lonse lapansi. Malamulo odabwitsa a zachilengedwe, monga Malamulo a Madzi Oyera, Federal Pesticides Act, Malamulo a Air Air, Mavuto a Mitundu Yowopsya, ndi National Scenic Trails Machitidwe, adasindikizidwa kukhala lamulo. Zochita za federal zinagwirizananso ndi mapulogalamu ambiri a boma ndi apakati kuti ateteze chilengedwe.

Koma mabungwe onse ali ndi zotsutsa zawo, ndipo kayendetsedwe ka zachilengedwe ndi zosiyana. Pamene malamulo a zachilengedwe adayamba kukhazikitsidwa m'dziko lonse lapansi, ambiri m'mabungwe a bizinesi adapeza kuti malamulo a chilengedwe anali ndi zotsatira zoipa pa phindu la migodi, nkhalango, nsomba, kupanga ndi zina zotengera ndikuwonetsa.

Mu 1980, pamene Republican Ronald Reagan anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti, kuwonongedwa kwa malo oteteza zachilengedwe kunayamba. Poika akuluakulu a chipani chotsutsana ndi zachilengedwe monga Secretary Interior James Watt ndi EPA Mtsogoleri Anne Gorsuch ku ofesi, Reagan ndi Republican Party yonse adanena kuti iwo amanyansidwa nawo chifukwa chotsutsana.

Koma kupambana kwawo kunali kochepa, koma Watt ndi Gorsuch sanakondwereko konse - ngakhale ndi mamembala awo - kuti achotsedwa kuntchito atatumikira miyezi ingapo. Koma mndandanda wa nkhondo unali utakonzedwa, ndipo bizinesi ndi Bungwe la Republican likanatsutsana kwambiri ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe zomwe zimatanthauzira zambiri za gulu lobiriwira.

Green Movement Today: Science vs Spiritualism

Mofanana ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu ndi zandale, gulu lobiriwira lakhala likulimbikitsidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi mphamvu zotsutsana nazo. James Watt atasankhidwa kutsogolera Dipatimenti ya Zinyumba, mwachitsanzo, ku Sierra Leone kunakula kuyambira 183,000 mpaka 245,000 m'miyezi 12 yokha.

Masiku ano, gulu lobiriwira limafotokozedwanso ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi malamulo ake monga kutentha kwa nyengo ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kusungidwa kwa madambo, mitsinje ya Keystone, kuchuluka kwa nyukiliya, kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ndi zofunikira zina za chilengedwe.

Chimene chimasiyanitsa gulu lobiriwira lero kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe koyambirira ndikugogomezera sayansi ndi kufufuza. Kulankhula mu mau auzimu ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafanizo achipembedzo, akatswiri a zachilengedwe oyambirira monga Muir ndi Thoreau adakondweretseratu chikhalidwe chawo pamakhudza kwambiri maganizo a munthu ndi miyoyo yathu. Pamene Hetch Hetchy Valley ku California inkaopsezedwa ndi dziwe, Muir adafuula kuti, "Dambo la Hetch Hetchy! Ngakhalenso dothi la akasinja a madzi makampu a anthu ndi mipingo, pakuti kachisi wopanda chiyero wakhala wopatulidwa ndi mtima wa munthu."

Tsopano, komabe, ife tikutheka kwambiri kuti tipemphere kufufuza za sayansi ndi kufufuza mwakhama kuti titsimikizire zifukwa zokhudzana ndi kusungidwa kwa chipululu, kapena kuti zotsutsana ndi mafakitale oipitsa. Akatswiri ofufuza zachipatala amanena za akatswiri ofufuza a polar ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ma kompyuta kuti azitha kutentha kwa dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo akatswiri azachipatala amadalira ziŵerengero zaumoyo wa anthu pofuna kutsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Kaya zifukwazi zikupambana kapena zikulephera, komabe zimadalira masomphenya, chilakolako ndi kudzipereka kwa anthu omwe amapanga zobiriwira.