Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Mphungu yamphamvu yamkokomo, mbalame ya dziko lonse la United States , inatsala pang'ono kutha mu 1970 chifukwa cha kusaka kosayenera ndi zotsatira za poizoni wa DDT. Chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kwachangu ndi chitetezo champhamvu cha federal, komabe, raptor yaikuluyi sichiika pangozi ndipo ikupitiriza kubwerera mwamphamvu.
Dzina Loyamba : Mphungu Yoyenda, Chiwombankhanga, Chiwombankhanga Chakumerika
Dzina la sayansi: Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Scientific Family: Accipitridae
Kuwonekera ndi Kudziwika
Nkhwangwa zowonongeka zimadziwika nthawi yomweyo, osati chifukwa chakuti ndizeng'oma, koma chifukwa mitu yawo yoyera imapereka maonekedwe awo posiyana ndi matupi awo a chokoleti. Kuphunzira zizindikiro zina zapadera kungathandize mbalame kuti zizindikiritse bwino zizindikirozi pazaka zina pamene zikuwoneka zosiyana.
- Bill : Wopambana kwambiri, wachikasu, wandiweyani, wapamwamba, womwe umayenera kukhala wolimba kwambiri
- Kukula : 35-42 mainchesi yaitali ndi mapiko a mapiko asanu ndi awiri, kumanga kwamphamvu, thupi lolemera, mutu waukulu, mapiko ambiri
- Mitundu : Yoyera, yofiirira, yonyezimira, yakuda, yakuda
- Zizindikiro : mbalame zamphongo ndi zazikazi zimawoneka chimodzimodzi (mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zazikulu pang'ono) ndi thupi lofiira lofiira lomwe lingasonyeze ming'alu pa nthengazo. Mutu, khosi ndi mchira zimakhala zoyera, zoyera, koma zimatha kuwonetsa zofooka za mbalame zazing'ono kapena pamene nthenga zili zonyansa kapena zonyansa. Maso, ndalama, miyendo ndi mapazi ndi achikasu. Black talons ndi wandiweyani komanso amphamvu.
Poyamba kukankhidwa, nkhuku za mphungu zimaphimbidwa ndi madzi oyera koma zimakula mofulumira ndikukhala ndi nthenga zakhwima. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira ndi zoyera ndipo sizikhala ndi mutu woyera ndi mchira wosiyana mpaka atakwanitse zaka 4-5 pamene ali okhwima komanso okwatirana.
Zakudya, Zakudya ndi Zochita
Nkhwangwa zowonongeka ndi carnivores zowonongeka . Amangodya nyama, koma amasankha nyama iliyonse yomwe imakhala yosavuta, kuphatikizapo nsomba, ziweto zazing'ono kapena zazing'ono komanso mbalame zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhuku ndi madzi. Odwalawa amadya chakudya chamtunduwu ndipo amatha kuyendera msewu, matumbo omwe amasiyidwa ndi asaka kapena nyama zomwe zimasiyidwa ndi nyama zina.
Amatha kugawaniza nyama ndi zolipira zawo komanso mphamvu zawo.
Habita ndi Kusamukira
Nkhwangwa zowonongeka sizimapezeka kawirikawiri ku United States ndi Canada, koma nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi lalikulu, nyanja zowoneka ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi nsomba zabwino. Malo omwe ali ndi mitengo yayikulu yowonongeka ndi zisa zimakonda makamaka. Zolingalira za mbalame zimapezeka ku Florida, ku Alaska konse komanso pafupi ndi madzi akuluakulu ku Midwest. Mbalame za ku Canada zimanyamuka nthawi zina kupita ku United States ndi kumpoto kwa Mexico, koma anthu akumpoto omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Pacific ndi kum'mwera kwa Alaska nthawi zambiri amakhala mumzinda wa Alaska ngati madzi amakhala otseguka kuti azitha kusodza. Mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zasiya makolo awo koma zisanayambe kudera zingayende kutali ndi madera omwe akuyembekezera.
Zolemba
Otsatirawa amakhala chete ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito phokoso lopwetekedwa kwambiri, lokhala ndi mawu otukuka kwambiri. Mafilimu ambiri a Hollywood omwe nthawi zambiri amawagwiritsira ntchito ndi ziwombankhanga m'mafilimu ndiwotchedwa red-tailed hawk .
Makhalidwe
Nkhumba zowonongeka zimasonkhana m'madera akuluakulu pamene akusamukira kapena kulikonse kumene angapeze chakudya chambiri, ngakhale angakhale ndi squabbles pamwamba pa zisankho zabwino. Nthawi zambiri amawoneka akusaka nsomba kapena amawotchera m'mitengo yomwe amawoneka bwino, ngakhale kuti ali ndi mdima wambiri, ndipo amatha kuthamanga ndi mapiko awo kuti azikhala bwino.
Amayambira pa zitsamba zofunafuna nyama ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mapiko awo poyendayenda. Pamene iwo akusaka, iwo amangokhala achifwamba omwe amachititsa kuti anthu ena aziwombera kapena nyama zowonongeka kuti aziba nyama zawo kuti azidya chakudya chosavuta.
Kubalana
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zosiyana kwambiri zomwe zimagwirana ndi moyo pokhapokha ngati awiri sangathe kubereka mazira, ndipo ngati mnzanuyo amwalira, wokondedwayo adzafunafuna mwamuna watsopano. Pakati pa chibwenzi , anthu okwera maulendowa amakhala ndi maulendo osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kuwombera kuphatikizapo zozizwitsa zomwe zimagwera pansi pomwe awiriwa amatsegula matayala.
Anthu awiriwa amatha kubwerera ku ndodo imodzi chaka chilichonse ndipo amawonjezera chisa chaka chonse, kungoyambira chisa chatsopano pamene chakale chimagwa. Zisa zatha zikhoza kufika mamita angapo ndipo zikhoza kulemera matani angapo. Amakhala ndi zowonjezera kuphatikizapo nthenga kapena moss.
Mphungu zamphongo zinyama zingamangidwe pamitengo yayitali kapena pamadontho akudalira malingana ndi kupezeka kwa malo okhala m'deralo.
Mbalame zonsezi zimapanga mazira atatu a maola atatu mpaka asanu ndi atatu, ndipo mazira onse awiri amawathandiza kuti azidyetsa mbalameyi masiku makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi (70-100) mpaka ulendo wawo woyamba.
Ziwombankhanga Zokongola
Monga mbalame zonse zakudya, mphungu zamphongo sizipezeka m'mbuyo. Mbalame zomwe zimakhala moyandikana ndi nyanja zazikulu ndi nsomba zimatha kukopa anthuwa ndi mitengo yautali kapena nsanja zazitali pabwalo lawo ndi malo omveka bwino.
Kusungirako
Nkhumba zowonongeka zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kuzunzidwa mzaka za m'ma 1970 ndi 1980, kufika poika moyo pachiswe, koma khama lolimba lobwezeretsa mbalamezi linapambana ndipo chiwombankhanga chinachotsedwa ku mndandanda wa zowonongeka m'chaka cha 2007. Masiku ano, kuwombera modzidzimutsa kapena kuwombera modzidzimutsa, komanso zoopsa zina kwa anthu opangira chiwombankhanga kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa madzi, kusokonezeka ndi makina a mphepo kapena magetsi, kuwonongeka kwa chakudya chawo komanso kusowa kwawo. Kuwotcha poizoni kuchokera ku nsomba zachitsulo ndi kutayidwa kwa zipolopolo zimathenso kwambiri kwa ziwombankhanga ndi zina zazikulu zazikulu.
Mbalame zofanana
- Chiwombankhanga chagolide ( Aquila chrysaetos )
- Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus )
- Chiwombankhanga cha Steller ( Haliaeetus pelagicus )
- Brahminy Kite ( Haliastur indus )